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History > South Africa - What was Black Consciousness and how did it influence the Soweto Uprising? > Flashcards

South Africa - What was Black Consciousness and how did it influence the Soweto Uprising? Flashcards

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1
Q

STEVE BIKO AND SASO

What 2 conflicting things did the Extension of University Education Act 1959 do?

A

designed to cut down the African elite’s aspirations to join common society

also greatly extended HE for black people

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2
Q

STEVE BIKO AND SASO

What were 3 things the NP realised about black education?

A
  • whites could not provide all skills for economic development
  • new homelands needed groups of professional and officials if to ever function as self-governing
  • needed to create ethnically specific unis
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3
Q

STEVE BIKO AND SASO

What uni became a melting pot linguistically, ethnically, and politically? What 2 radical ideas met there?

A

Uni of Turfloop

radical Christian and black American ideas

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4
Q

STEVE BIKO AND SASO

In the 1960s, what proportion of African people professed Christianity?

A

2/3

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5
Q

STEVE BIKO AND SASO

What successes drifted back to the students through newspapers, books and talks?

A

North American civil rights successes

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6
Q

STEVE BIKO AND SASO

Where did Biko get educated? Who did he read a lot of?

A

medical school of Uni of Natal’s (segregated)

Malcolm and MLK

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7
Q

STEVE BIKO AND SASO
What year did Bike set up SASO (SA Students’ Organisation)? And for what purpose? What column in the student newspaper did he write under?

A

1969
for people to feel pride in their ethnicity and protest their conditions

‘Frank Talk’

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8
Q

STEVE BIKO AND SASO

When was Biko thrown out of Natal Uni?

A

1972

neglecting his studies to become a powerful speaker

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9
Q

STEVE BIKO AND SASO

When did the Soweto Uprising happen? How was Biko involved in this?

A

1976

Biko had no contact with the pupils
but students were inspired by his ideas

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10
Q

STEVE BIKO AND SASO
What was Biko’s punishment after his original arrest in 1973? Why was Biko finally arrested in 1977? What happened while he was in prison?

A

banning order

defying banning order

naked and chained to a grille
beaten
tipped into the back of a Land Rover and driven to hospital where he died at 30

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11
Q

STEVE BIKO AND SASO

What were 2 community projects Biko was involved in?

A

set up health centre called Zanenphilo

set up Njwaxa (a cottage industry in which unemployed blacks produced leather goods)

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12
Q

STEVE BIKO AND SASO

What links Biko to black consciousness?

A
  • new phase of SA resistance that took up Africanist ideas from PAC and ANCYL
  • included liberation theology
  • Biko began to call their views and movements ‘black consciousness’
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13
Q

STEVE BIKO AND SASO

What is liberation theology?

A

religion can be used to take a leading role in struggles against social and political suppression

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14
Q

BLACK CONSCIOUSNESS

What was the definition of black consciousness?

A

awareness of one’s identity as a black person

esp. as a basis for political grouping and movements

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15
Q

BLACK CONSCIOUSNESS

What 3 roles did black consciousness play in the mobilisation of the young?

A
  • educated
  • inspired
  • mobilised
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16
Q

BLACK CONSCIOUSNESS

What 3 ways did the SASO organise a strong black presence at unis (Durban and Western cape e.g.)?

A
  1. influecning and controllong Student Representative Councils
  2. used end of Mozambique colonial rule in 1974 to stage mass protests
  3. leadership moved from ideological mobilisation to direct confrontation
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17
Q

BLACK CONSCIOUSNESS
At Turfloop, they organised a rally for the end of the Mozambique colonial rule. How many attended, how did the police react and what did the Africans sing?

A

1200 attended

police arrived to break it up

700 congregated and sung ANC anthem Nkosi Sikelel iAfrika (God bless Africa)

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18
Q

BLACK CONSCIOUSNESS

What did the Durban students do for the Mozambique rallies? Where? Ignoring what?

A

SASO staged a march and rally

at a public stadium

ignored a gov ban

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19
Q

BLACK CONSCIOUSNESS

In 1972, what movement and what convention was launched?

A

Black Consciousness Movement

Black People’s Convention

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20
Q

BLACK CONSCIOUSNESS
What was a small similarity between black consciousness and historical Africanist organisations? But what were leaders careful to do with this?

A

they both drew on the Africanist heritage of the PAC

distance themselves from direct connection with banned orgs

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21
Q

BLACK CONSCIOUSNESS

What are 4 key differences between the previous Africanist movements and black consciousness?

A
  1. PAC movement largely of migrant workers while BC was mainly youth and students
  2. BC did not look to the rest of Africa for its inspiration (their independence had given way to one-party states and dictators)
  3. BC did not focus on African tradition
  4. BC directly attack idea of homelands
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22
Q

BLACK CONSCIOUSNESS

Turfloop was particularly important. What 3 reasons show student president Abraham Tiro’s speech in 1972 so important?

A
  1. he was a Christian, inspired by BC
  2. not radical
  3. in front of white assembly
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23
Q

BLACK CONSCIOUSNESS

What 3 things did Tiro attack the uni of Turfloop for?

A
  1. poor facilities
  2. discrimination against African staff
  3. inequalities of SA generally
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24
Q

BLACK CONSCIOUSNESS

What happened to Tiro after his speech?

A

he was expelled

he began found a post teaching at Morris Isaacson High School in Soweto

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25
Q

BLACK CONSCIOUSNESS

What secondary branch had students at Turfloop created? What was this organisation?

A

SASM
SA Students’ Movement

BC organisation in the schools

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26
Q

BLACK CONSCIOUSNESS

What BC sponsored newspaper provided an important vehicle for political ideas? What are 2 reasons why?

A

The World in Soweto

  • growing literacy among African youth
  • increase coverage (did not direct promoting) of emerging BC politics
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27
Q

BLACK CONSCIOUSNESS

What decision related to SASO was made by government in March 1973? Why?

A

banning orders against most prominent leaders (Biko, Tiro)

it was becoming too dangerous

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28
Q

BLACK CONSCIOUSNESS

Why had the gov had a degree of tolerance for SASO in its earlier years?

A

it seemed to have potential for reinforcing apartheid

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29
Q

BLACK CONSCIOUSNESS
What was the SASO’s defendant’s called in their 1975 trial under Terrorism Act? What are 3 ways the SASO 9 able to secure a high profile for their ideas?

A

SASO 9

  • were not illegal so press were free to quote them
  • sang freedom songs and raise clenched fists in courtrooms
  • Biko gave evidence for defence and outlined the philosophy of BC
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30
Q

MOBILISATION OF SCHOOL CHILDREN

In 1975, where was the momentum of protest shifting to?

A

schools

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31
Q

MOBILISATION OF SCHOOL CHILDREN

What statistics indicate schools were expanding quickly at this time

A

1950-1975: no. of African children at school increased from 1 million to 3.5 million+

Soweto: 1972-1976 - high school numbers increased from 12,600 to 34,000

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32
Q

MOBILISATION OF SCHOOL CHILDREN

Why had Bantu education become sites of deprivation and explosive political potential?

A

the growth in African school children put pressure on building and teaching staff

classes of over 60

BC was a highly new and fashionable language geared to teh youth

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33
Q

MOBILISATION OF SCHOOL CHILDREN

Why did the BC give students a stronger sense of identity than tsotsis?

A

they had to confront the everyday reality that gangs dominated the streets.
e.g. it divided them as some were fighting the gov and some were against the gangs

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34
Q

MOBILISATION OF SCHOOL CHILDREN

What were 3 dangers of tsotstis?

A
  • threats
  • demanding sex from school girls
  • stabbing if they followed or challenged gangs
35
Q

MOBILISATION OF SCHOOL CHILDREN

Name 3 examples of street gangs.

A

the Hazels
Dirty Dozen
Bandidos

36
Q

MOBILISATION OF SCHOOL CHILDREN

By 1976, what were African school children doing to combat the gangs?

A

combining against the gangs

formed self-defence units prepared to use violence

37
Q

BLACK CONSCIOUSNESS

What were the 2 main goals of the BCM?

A
  1. non-cooperation with white groups

2. encouraging Indians and Coloured people to see themselves as black and equally subject t white oppression

38
Q

SOWETO UPRISING
Causes
What did the Transvaal Bantu Education Department/Botha’s (Minister of Bantu Education)’s 1974 Afrikaans Medium Decree do? Why was this opposed?

A

made teaching in Afrikaans (and English) in African schools compulsory

  • Afrikaans was seen as ‘language of the oppressor’
  • further act to separate the education of Bantus
39
Q

SOWETO UPRISING
Causes:
What are 4 causes of the Soweto Uprising (in priority)?

A
  1. Education - Bantu Education Act 1953, Botha’s Afrikaans Medium Decree, Extension of University Act 1959, ‘homeland policy’ (no new high schools built in Soweto, 1962-71)
  2. Black Consciousness Movement (can include SASO here)
  3. black gangs
  4. formation of SASO raised students’ political consciousness
40
Q

SOWETO UPRISING
Causes
(Education)
What is the ‘homelands policy’? When did the gov give in and what did they do? How much did the gov spend on white schools vs balck?

A

no new high schools built in Soweto
between 1962-71

1972 - gov gave in to pressure from business to improve Bantu system
e.g. 40 new schools then built in Soweto

white schools - R664 million
black schools - R42 million

41
Q

SOWETO UPRISING
Causes
(Education and SASO)
What does the SASO believed Bantu Education was designed to do?

A
  • ‘deprive Africans’
  • isolate them from ‘subversive ideas’
  • ‘gutter’ education
42
Q

SOWETO UPRISING
Events
When did SASM try to organise boycotts in protest?

A

May 1976

43
Q

SOWETO UPRISING

When did the Soweto Uprising take place?

A

16 June 1976

44
Q

SOWETO UPRISING
Events
What group of students started the Uprising? Where did they march from and to?

A

high school students in Soweto, Johannesburg

marched from Morris Isaacson High School

marched to Orlanda Stadium

45
Q

SOWETO UPRISING
Events
What did the children plan to demonstrate against?

A

the government;s new education directive (enforcing the use of Afrikaans in schools)

46
Q

SOWETO UPRISING
Events
Who had they been mobilized by? Who had they been inspired by?

A

mobilized - SASM

inspired - BCM

47
Q

SOWETO UPRISING
Events
As the news of the protest spread, what action did the police take?

A

police converged on Soweto

they shot at school children and throwing tear gas

48
Q

SOWETO UPRISING
Events
Who was the first victim?

A

13 year old Hector Pieterson

49
Q

SOWETO UPRISING
Events
What was the reaction to the police shooting children by African children and what did the police respond again with? Who joined the Uprising and what did they help doing?

A
  • shock and outrage
  • police responded with more tear gas and gunfire
  • joined by angry crowds of Soweto residents
  • reacted by attacking and burning down gov building
50
Q

SOWETO UPRISING
Events
How many africans and whites were killed that day?

A

174 Africans

2 Whites

51
Q

SOWETO UPRISING
Events
What did the government do the next day?

A
  • closed down schools

- put military on alert

52
Q

SOWETO UPRISING
Events
What did the revolt turn into? What was the estimated deaths?

A

a widespread revolt (turned into an uprising that lasted the year)

700 deaths

53
Q

SOWETO UPRISING
Events
What happened on Turfloop Uni on 17 June 1976?

A

they marched in sympathy

54
Q

SOWETO UPRISING
Events
What happened on 18th June in the Alexandra township in Johannesburg?

A

shop and liquor stores in Alexandra township were attacked

55
Q

SOWETO UPRISING
Events
When was the Soweto Students’ Representative Council formed? And by who? Who was it initally led by?

A

Aug 1976 after a meeting at Regina Mundi Catholic Church

formed by students

initially led by Tsietsi Mashinini from Morris Isaacson School

56
Q

SOWETO UPRISING
Events
What organisation did Winnie Mandela and Dr Nthatho Motlana form? What role did it have?

A

Black Parents’ Association

take on the role of organising funerals.
e.g. politicised occasions

57
Q

SOWETO UPRISING
Results
What were 4 results of the Uprising?

A
  1. international revulsion
  2. weakened and exiled liberation movements received new recruits
  3. economy felt shock (god and diamond shares dropping)
  4. demonstrations across the country
58
Q

SOWETO UPRISING
Results
What sparked the international revulsion? What was the reaction of certain people?

A
  • the photograph by journalist Sam Nzima
  • showing 13 y/o Hector Pieterson being carried whilst dying
  • became a symbol of state violence and black rage
  • frightening white people
  • encouraging for many black SAs to see this on a television service for 6 months old
59
Q

SOWETO UPRISING
Results
Where did demonstrations in townships/major cities spread to? What demonstrations continued?

A

spread to more than a hundred urban centres
many smaller rural towns

schools at centre of revolt
worker stay-at-homes
consumer boycotts

60
Q

SOWETO UPRISING
Results
What forms did the insurrection take over the year of the revolt?

A

rioting
burning barricades
sotoning cars
destruction of gov buildings/official beer halls

61
Q

SOWETO UPRISING
Results
What did adqueatley trained police do?

A

fired live rounds and tear gas
without restraint

foten from armoued cars knwon as ‘hippos’

62
Q

SOWETO UPRISING
Results
Why did the cycle of violence carry on?

A

funerals became public political events

resulted in further police action and shootings

63
Q

SOWETO UPRISING
Results
What encouraged the new activists?

A

anger
mass arrests
detentions

64
Q

SOWETO UPRISING
Results
What did one of the whites beaten to death on the first day of violence write about?

A

warning of the anger of Soweto’s youth

65
Q

DEATH OF STEVE BIKO

How many people were dead in police custody without trial since 1963 when Biko died?

A

45

66
Q

DEATH OF STEVE BIKO

When did Biko die?

A

12 Sept 1977

67
Q

DEATH OF STEVE BIKO

What did his death illustrate about the security forces?

A

uncontrolled powers of security force

68
Q

DEATH OF STEVE BIKO

As bus loads of mourners neared the funeral, what was 2 prominent attendees?

A

white liberal Helen Suzman attended

black American diplomat McHenry

69
Q

DEATH OF STEVE BIKO

How many people marched at the funeral and what did they sing?

A

20,000

freedom songs

70
Q

DEATH OF STEVE BIKO

What did the Transkei Anglican priest appealed to God for?

A

take sides with the oppressed to overthrow the system

71
Q

DEATH OF STEVE BIKO

What disruption was reported before and during the funeral?

A

police disruption

72
Q

DEATH OF STEVE BIKO

Why did the SA gov mobilise its riot police?

A

to break groups of mourners in anticipation of the protests

73
Q

DEATH OF STEVE BIKO

What happened to the people who were involved in the organisation of Biko’s funeral?

A

arrested, detained or banned

74
Q

DEATH OF STEVE BIKO

What happened to people travelling to King William’s town for the funeral?

A

arrested for not carrying their pass books

75
Q

DEATH OF STEVE BIKO

Where did the biggest incidence of police interference occur? Why had people gathered a tthe YWCA?

A

in the Dube Young Women Christian Association (YWCA)
in Soweto

to hold a night vigil prior to their departure by bus

76
Q

DEATH OF STEVE BIKO

Why had people gathered at the YWCA?

A

to hold a night vigil prior to their departure by bus

the Black People’s Comvention deiced to go ahead with the funeral arrangements even those the polcie refused them 2 bus permits

while buses were loading people, the riot police arrive and began to smash windows and whip people

police officers also fired teargas cannisters into the hall where other mourners were praying

77
Q

DEATH OF STEVE BIKO

How long did he spend in solitary confinement? What was he denied in there?

A

20 days

clothes, exercise, hygiene

78
Q

DEATH OF STEVE BIKO

Where was Biko taken and savagely beaten?

A

police HQ in Port Elizabeth

79
Q

DEATH OF STEVE BIKO

How long was he chained to a metal grille? Where did he die?

A

2 days

died on way to prison hospital 700 miles away in Pretoria in only a blanket

80
Q

DEATH OF STEVE BIKO

What was the initial story of Biko’s death? What was the other story?

A
  • he attacked police officers during interrogation
  • fell against a wall in violent struggle

related to a hunger strike

81
Q

DEATH OF STEVE BIKO

Was anyone prosecuted over his death?

A

no one was prosecuted

82
Q

DEATH OF STEVE BIKO
Who provided some evidence that challenged the cover up (and his job and relation to Biko)? What evidence did he produce?

A

Donald Woods (white editor of Liberal East London newspaper ‘Daily Dispatch’) (raised profile of Biko as he took up his ideas)

allegations of police brutality
photographs taken in the morgue

83
Q

DEATH OF STEVE BIKO

  1. Where did Biko’s death in police custody provoke international disapproval?
  2. What did Carter speak about and come across as?
  3. What action did Carter propose to the UN?
  4. What did Nigeria call Biko’s death?
A

Western countries with commercial and diplomatic relations with SA

Carter was more sympathetic to SA’s fight for civil rights
and provoked him to speak against the apartheid regime

proposed an arms embargo on SA after Uprising and Death

called it a ‘murder’

84
Q

DEATH OF STEVE BIKO

What were 3 impacts in South Africa?

A
  1. became a face of African protest
  2. subject of film Cry Freedom
  3. people now worried that a peaceful solution was not possible

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