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History > South Africa - What factors strengthened apartheid/'separate development' in 1960-68? > Flashcards

South Africa - What factors strengthened apartheid/'separate development' in 1960-68? Flashcards

1
Q

What was the state of the SA economy in 1960s?

A

it grew quickly

whites were the major beneficiaries
some black people also benefited

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2
Q

Why did the majority of African people temporarily accept the hard realities of white power?

A

the effectiveness of policing

social and political divisions within black society also served to defuse challneges of apartheid

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3
Q

What happened to Verwoerd in 1966? Why?

A

he was murdered by a parliamentary messenger of Greej origin

no obvious political motive

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4
Q

What was the effect of Verwoerd’s murder on the NP?

A

little impact

because the NP was already sufficiently entrenched for his death

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5
Q

Who succeeded Verwoerd? Where had they come from within the government?

A

B.J. Vorster

Minister of Justice

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6
Q

ECONOMIC RECOVERY

What was the period of recovery after WW2?

A

1950 - oil crisis of 1973

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7
Q

ECONOMIC RECOVERY
How did SA shared in the global development of overall economic growth? What was this growth compared to other countries?

A

grew at about 4.6% a year for over 5% a year in 1960s

faster than Europe
but slower than middle income countries such as Brazil and Mexico

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8
Q

ECONOMIC RECOVERY

However, what 3 problems were evident in the 60s?

A
  1. SA was dependent on mining and agriculture
    e. g. especially its exports
  2. low levels of productivity
  3. acute skill shortage hampered diversification
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9
Q

ECONOMIC RECOVERY

What was the reason for the SA economic problems?

A

discriminatory education system that gov failed to invest in adequately

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10
Q

ECONOMIC RECOVERY
The Domestic Economy
How much did the employment of mostly black people in manufacturing grow between 1951 and 1975?

A

roughly doubled
from 855,000
to 1.6 million

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11
Q

ECONOMIC RECOVERY
The Domestic Economy
What statistic shows that African people were no longer simply manual labourers?

A

no. of Africans doing white collar work went from 75,000 to 420,000

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12
Q

ECONOMIC RECOVERY
The Domestic Economy
What was the number of those employed in gold mining?

A

from 300,000 to 400,000

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13
Q

ECONOMIC RECOVERY
The Domestic Economy
What remained entrenched in the law? What was this? How did it affect Africans?

A

‘a colour bar’

certain jobs were reserved for white people only
e.g. minig industry and skilled artisanal

Africans couldn ot be trained as plumbers or electricians or welders. they could also not be in control of whites in workplaces

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14
Q

ECONOMIC RECOVERY
The Domestic Economy
Even though a ‘colour’ bar remained entrenched, what was emerging? Why did it emerge

A

a ‘floating’ colour bar

emerged due to industries

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15
Q

ECONOMIC RECOVERY
The Domestic Economy
The government were determined to restrict African urban migration but the complexities of apartheid meant what?

A
  • trying to put an end to slums and shack settlements near the city centres
  • to move Africans to large new townships on the urban margins
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16
Q

ECONOMIC RECOVERY
The Domestic Economy
The urban municipalities received budgets to build a large number of c’sub-economic’ (cheap) homes. Give 3 examples of these new builds.

A
  1. state-built townships in Johannesburg increased from 10,000 (1946) to 62,000 (1965)
  2. 1970 - Mdantsane township housed 70,000 people in 12,000 4 roomed family dwellings
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17
Q

ECONOMIC RECOVERY
The Domestic Economy
What did the Native Building Workers Act of 1951 enable?

A

municipalities to use African workers on African houses
even at a skilled level

but paid less than whites

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18
Q

ECONOMIC RECOVERY
The Domestic Economy
What jobs opened up to Africans? Why?

A

apartheid bureauracies jobs in townships

whites moved out of the government jobs in the townships

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19
Q

ECONOMIC RECOVERY
The Domestic Economy
What type of private sector work opened up to Africans? Why?

A

Native Affairs offices, schools, nurseries, hospitals

increasing significant consumer demand

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20
Q

ECONOMIC RECOVERY
The Domestic Economy
In what areas did manufacturers identify an African market? What implication did this have on the African community?

A

cigarettes, soft drinks, cleaning materials, clothes, radios, financial services

companies needed African sales personnel

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21
Q

ECONOMIC RECOVERY
The Domestic Economy
What did the black SA per capita income increase by in the 1960s? What sector benefitted the msot?

A

23%

industrial workers (got 50% wage increase in the decade)

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22
Q

ECONOMIC RECOVERY
The Domestic Economy
What did the African population surge from and to? What was the total population after African population surge taken into account?

A

11 mill to 15 million (total population 22 million)

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23
Q

ECONOMIC RECOVERY
The Domestic Economy
What did the NP still articulate their intention as? Did this work and what evidence points to this?

A

to reduce the no. of Africans in cities
and make as many as possible migrant workers

no, the number of Africans in cities probably rose by 1.5 million in 1960s

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24
Q 
ECONOMIC RECOVERY
The Domestic Economy
ECONOMIC RECOVERY
The Domestic Economy
What did prosecutions for pass offences reach in 1960? What was this comparable to?
A

700,000

double that in height of 60s protests

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25
Q

ECONOMIC RECOVERY
The Domestic Economy
Who benefited more from this decade of growth?

A

whites

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26
Q

ECONOMIC RECOVERY
The Domestic Economy
What was the overall increasing of white immigrants in 1960s?

A

250,000

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27
Q

ECONOMIC RECOVERY
The Domestic Economy
Why were the NP initially uneasy to let non-Afrikaner immigrants in? What changed this?

A

worried they might undermine their electoral majority

English-speakers vote in some numbers of the NO

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28
Q

ECONOMIC RECOVERY
The Domestic Economy
Even with the accepted European immigration, how much did the white population fall?

A

1921 - 22%

1968 - 17%

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29
Q

ECONOMIC RECOVERY
The Domestic Economy
How much did white incomes increase in ten years? How many times was their incomes compared to black SA incomes?

A

50%

12 times

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30
Q

ECONOMIC RECOVERY
The Domestic Economy
Why was the car an indicator of wealth? What was black car ownership vs white car ownership?

A

symbolised leisure and freedom

black: 1 car per 100
white: more than 1 car per 3

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31
Q

ECONOMIC RECOVERY
Black Social Gains
The Group Areas Act saw urban communities destroyed, what was created in their place? What were the new townships based on?

A

new urban African communities

a less politicised urban culture
focused on work, consumption and getting ahead

32
Q

ECONOMIC RECOVERY
Black Social Gains
What were the major organisations in Witswatersrand?

A

churches, choirs, saving societies, football clubs

33
Q

ECONOMIC RECOVERY
Black Social Gains
What were Stokvels and why were they so popular?

A

members contributed money into a central pool. each member then sees a payout in turn

enables them to buy bigger consumer items/purchases

34
Q

ECONOMIC RECOVERY
Black Social Gains
What did sociologist Kuper show about African community? How did this happen?

A

how rapid the black middle class were growing

they began playing football, boxing, churches and choirs (global culture)

35
Q

ECONOMIC RECOVERY
Black Social Gains
How did social change in 1950s and 60s benefit African women?

A

able to asset new freedom from rural patriarchal society by migrating to towns

36
Q

ECONOMIC RECOVERY
Black Social Gains
How could African women earn a living in towns?

A

domestic servant, factories, selling beer, small businesses

small teaching and nursing jobs available for educated women

37
Q

ECONOMIC RECOVERY
Black Social Gains
however, how was life still hard for African women? Give a statistic.

A

1960s end - barriers to higher education still high

342/3000 girls passed matric

38
Q

ECONOMIC RECOVERY
Black Social Gains
But what new class of women was there?

A

skilled, profession and determined to express freedoms

39
Q

ECONOMIC RECOVERY
Black Social Gains
What did the Drum magazine (1951) cover?

A
  • changes of life in the shops
  • covered fashionable people (Mandela)
  • celebrates African prowess and masculinity in sport
40
Q

ECONOMIC RECOVERY
Black Social Gains
What did the 1960s authoritarian white rule do?

A

ensured a temporary period of political peace

41
Q

ECONOMIC RECOVERY
Black Social Gains
Who was to led the renewed militancy later on?

A

black middle class

42
Q

ECONOMIC RECOVERY
Black Social Gains
What did the years of growth do to the political conflict? What else did the black SAs channel their energy into?

A

defused political conflict

channel their aspirations in the direction of:

  • consumer culture
  • churches
  • new associations
  • survival in cities
43
Q

ECONOMIC RECOVERY

What are 7 reasons for economic recovery?

A
  1. complexity of apartheid allowed them to cut through some restrictions
  2. Native Building Workers Act 1951
  3. manufacturers begun to identify an African market
  4. Africans increased in cities
  5. migrants from Europe increased skills
  6. gov made jobs for Africans
  7. Africa had loads of gold reserves
44
Q

ECONOMIC RECOVERY

What are 6 impacts on black SAs because of economic recovery?

A
  1. black employment doubled/wages increased
  2. could be trained as plumbers/electricians/welders and doing white collar work increased
  3. prosecution for pass offences doubled
  4. urban municipalities
  5. African population increased
  6. rural areas began to employ African builders
45
Q

ECONOMIC RECOVERY

What were 5 impacts on white SAs because of economic recovery?

A
  1. increased white immigration
  2. incomes increased
  3. increasingly lived in suburbs and commuted
  4. wealth still overwhelmingly belonged to them
46
Q

DEVELOPING THE BANTUSTANS
What did the 1959 Bantu Self-Government Act do? What were 3 things ethno-linguistic groups defined to have it own versions of?

A

attempted to transform the homelands into self-governing states in SA

  • government
  • bureaucracy
  • infrastructure
47
Q

DEVELOPING THE BANTUSTANS

Why did the government focus on developing the Bantustans?

A

to strengthen ‘separate development’

48
Q

DEVELOPING THE BANTUSTANS

When did Verwoerd’s government proclaim the Transkei a ‘self-governing territory’? What did this involve?

A

1963

cutting the area and its inhabitants off from white SA

49
Q

DEVELOPING THE BANTUSTANS
When was the Transkei declared ‘independent’? But this didn’t this mean it was completely independent of SA, give 2 reasons why not?

A

1976

  • it relief on SA for its budget and police force training
  • no country except SA recognised the new state
50
Q

DEVELOPING THE BANTUSTANS

What governmental facility was set up in the Transkei?

A

Transkei legislative assembly

51
Q

DEVELOPING THE BANTUSTANS

What did the chief of the Transkei believe about working with the apartheid governemnt?

A

Matanzima believed there was no option but to work with the apartheid gov

52
Q

DEVELOPING THE BANTUSTANS
NP required elections in the homelands before they could achieve self-government. What oppositon party to Matanzima popped up? Led by who and believing what? What did they win?

A

Democratic Party

led by Chief Victor Poto
believing that SA should remain on nation

won the elections for the Transkeian assembly

53
Q

DEVELOPING THE BANTUSTANS

What did Matanzima do to ensure his Transkei National Independence Party controlled the assembly?

A

with Pretoria, ensure that sufficient conservative chiefs were appointed ex-offico (without being elected)

54
Q

DEVELOPING THE BANTUSTANS

What did Pretoria reward the Transkeian government with? What 3 things did this help to quickly expand?

A

substantial funding

their bureaucracy, education system and health provision

55
Q 
DEVELOPING THE BANTUSTANS
What considerabl ebenfit did homeland development bring to what class of black SAs?
A

economic benefits to rising rural middle class

56
Q

DEVELOPING THE BANTUSTANS
What happened to trading ststaions that were formerly owned by white and Coloureds? What other indication of economic prosperity was there?

A

purchased by homeland ogvernmetn agencies and redistributed to African owners

African businessemn were able to start retial outlets in rural towns

57
Q

DEVELOPING THE BANTUSTANS

Name 3 other homelands.

A
  • KwaZulu
  • Bophutatswana
  • Lebowa (was Sekhukhuneland)
58
Q

Name 3 talented black SAs and thier professions.

A 
Denis Brutus (poets)
Dollar Brand (jazz musician)
Mankuku Ngozi (jazz musician)
59
Q

What places provided black places for black musicians.

A

shebeens and clubs in townships

60
Q

After the black magazine Drum came out, what other publishers (with one named example) gave opportunities to black novelists and playwrights.

A

white-run publishers

e.g. Raven Press

61
Q

DEVELOPING THE BANTUSTANS

What was the UN response to the declaration of the Transkei as an ‘Independent Homeland’ in 1976, in 4 steps?

A
  1. strongly condemns it
  2. rejects declaration
  3. calls government to deny its recogniiton and refrain from dealing with it
  4. requests all states to take effective measure to prohibit any dealings
62
Q

DEVELOPING THE BANTUSTANS

What were 3 reasons the UN were against the independence of the Transkei?

A
  1. it destroys the territorial integrity of the country
  2. perpetuates white minority domination
  3. dispossess the African people of SA of their inalienable rights
63
Q

DIPLOMATIC TIES

What was SA’s position in Africa like in 1960s? Why?

A

more isolated

many African states were reluctant to deal with the NP

64
Q

DIPLOMATIC TIES

What did the Organisation of African Unity iinitate against SA in 1963?

A

a series of procedure

e.g. a fund for liberation

65
Q

DIPLOMATIC TIES

What 4 countries was Pretoria shielded by in South West Africa? (include who they were run by)

A
  1. Namibia - under direct SA rule
  2. Rhodesia - under white rule
  3. Mozambique - Portuguese colony
  4. Angola - Portuguese colony
66
Q

DIPLOMATIC TIES

What 3 things did Vorster offer several African countries in an attempt to win friends?

A
  1. trade relations
  2. technical training
  3. economic advice
67
Q

DIPLOMATIC TIES

Why was Pretoria wanting to expand trade with Africa?

A
  • to cut off potential bases for the ANC

- stifle criticism of apartheid and white rule

68
Q

DIPLOMATIC TIES

What 3 countries were economically dependent of SA? nMAE 1 WAY THEY WERE ALL DEPENDENT.

A
  1. Botswana
  2. Lesotho
  3. Swaziland

10,000s of migrants from each worked in SA on short term contracts in mining industry

69
Q

DIPLOMATIC TIES

Who was Vorster particularly successful in cementing a strong economic relationship with?

A

Hastings Banda (president of Malawi)

70
Q

DIPLOMATIC TIES

Diplomatic ties with what 3 countries continued, despite AAM and UN opposiiton?

A
  1. Britain
  2. USA
  3. Western Europe
71
Q

DIPLOMATIC TIES

Who became an increasingly important trading partner? What did they help to establish in SA?

A

Japan

motor vehicle factories

72
Q

DIPLOMATIC TIES

What familiar British, German and American compnaies were ewll establsihed in SA?

A

Barclays
Volkswagen
Coca-Cola

73
Q

DIPLOMATIC TIES

For what 3 reasons did the SA economy remain attractive despite apartheid?

A
  1. minerals (gold, uranium, coal)
  2. booming consumer economy
  3. fight against communism globally
74
Q

VORSTER’S USE OF POLICE POWERS

What stood out about Vorster’s permiership?

A

how vigorously he would use the law to suppress political opponents
e.g. deploying police and military to restore order

75
Q

VORSTER’S USE OF POLICE POWERS

What ere 4 aggressive actions of Vorster to show his vigorous use of the police and military?

A
  1. 1967 - cooperated with Rhodesian PM Ian Smith to counter the infiltration of guerrillas of ANC-ZAPU alliance into SA through Rhodesia
  2. passes Terrorism Act 1967 - indefinite detention of political activists
  3. 1967 student uprising - Vorster deployed troops and police to detain several youth and student activities
  4. 1968 - open John Vorster Sqaure, a near police HQ in Johannesburg
76
Q

VORSTER’S USE OF POLICE POWERS

Why was the new John Vorster Square police HQ significant?

A
  • had 2 floors reserved for interrogating detainees
  • became location for acts of violence against suspected political activists
  • torture and disfigurement occurred
  • 8 detainees lost their lives while in detention there
77
Q

VORSTER’S USE OF POLICE POWERS

How much did Vorster increase the defence spending?

A

from R44 million to R255 million

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