South Africa - What factors strengthened apartheid/'separate development' in 1960-68? Flashcards
What was the state of the SA economy in 1960s?
it grew quickly
whites were the major beneficiaries
some black people also benefited
Why did the majority of African people temporarily accept the hard realities of white power?
the effectiveness of policing
social and political divisions within black society also served to defuse challneges of apartheid
What happened to Verwoerd in 1966? Why?
he was murdered by a parliamentary messenger of Greej origin
no obvious political motive
What was the effect of Verwoerd’s murder on the NP?
little impact
because the NP was already sufficiently entrenched for his death
Who succeeded Verwoerd? Where had they come from within the government?
B.J. Vorster
Minister of Justice
ECONOMIC RECOVERY
What was the period of recovery after WW2?
1950 - oil crisis of 1973
ECONOMIC RECOVERY
How did SA shared in the global development of overall economic growth? What was this growth compared to other countries?
grew at about 4.6% a year for over 5% a year in 1960s
faster than Europe
but slower than middle income countries such as Brazil and Mexico
ECONOMIC RECOVERY
However, what 3 problems were evident in the 60s?
- SA was dependent on mining and agriculture
e. g. especially its exports - low levels of productivity
- acute skill shortage hampered diversification
ECONOMIC RECOVERY
What was the reason for the SA economic problems?
discriminatory education system that gov failed to invest in adequately
ECONOMIC RECOVERY
The Domestic Economy
How much did the employment of mostly black people in manufacturing grow between 1951 and 1975?
roughly doubled
from 855,000
to 1.6 million
ECONOMIC RECOVERY
The Domestic Economy
What statistic shows that African people were no longer simply manual labourers?
no. of Africans doing white collar work went from 75,000 to 420,000
ECONOMIC RECOVERY
The Domestic Economy
What was the number of those employed in gold mining?
from 300,000 to 400,000
ECONOMIC RECOVERY
The Domestic Economy
What remained entrenched in the law? What was this? How did it affect Africans?
‘a colour bar’
certain jobs were reserved for white people only
e.g. minig industry and skilled artisanal
Africans couldn ot be trained as plumbers or electricians or welders. they could also not be in control of whites in workplaces
ECONOMIC RECOVERY
The Domestic Economy
Even though a ‘colour’ bar remained entrenched, what was emerging? Why did it emerge
a ‘floating’ colour bar
emerged due to industries
ECONOMIC RECOVERY
The Domestic Economy
The government were determined to restrict African urban migration but the complexities of apartheid meant what?
- trying to put an end to slums and shack settlements near the city centres
- to move Africans to large new townships on the urban margins
ECONOMIC RECOVERY
The Domestic Economy
The urban municipalities received budgets to build a large number of c’sub-economic’ (cheap) homes. Give 3 examples of these new builds.
- state-built townships in Johannesburg increased from 10,000 (1946) to 62,000 (1965)
- 1970 - Mdantsane township housed 70,000 people in 12,000 4 roomed family dwellings
ECONOMIC RECOVERY
The Domestic Economy
What did the Native Building Workers Act of 1951 enable?
municipalities to use African workers on African houses
even at a skilled level
but paid less than whites
ECONOMIC RECOVERY
The Domestic Economy
What jobs opened up to Africans? Why?
apartheid bureauracies jobs in townships
whites moved out of the government jobs in the townships
ECONOMIC RECOVERY
The Domestic Economy
What type of private sector work opened up to Africans? Why?
Native Affairs offices, schools, nurseries, hospitals
increasing significant consumer demand
ECONOMIC RECOVERY
The Domestic Economy
In what areas did manufacturers identify an African market? What implication did this have on the African community?
cigarettes, soft drinks, cleaning materials, clothes, radios, financial services
companies needed African sales personnel
ECONOMIC RECOVERY
The Domestic Economy
What did the black SA per capita income increase by in the 1960s? What sector benefitted the msot?
23%
industrial workers (got 50% wage increase in the decade)
ECONOMIC RECOVERY
The Domestic Economy
What did the African population surge from and to? What was the total population after African population surge taken into account?
11 mill to 15 million (total population 22 million)
ECONOMIC RECOVERY
The Domestic Economy
What did the NP still articulate their intention as? Did this work and what evidence points to this?
to reduce the no. of Africans in cities
and make as many as possible migrant workers
no, the number of Africans in cities probably rose by 1.5 million in 1960s
ECONOMIC RECOVERY The Domestic Economy ECONOMIC RECOVERY The Domestic Economy What did prosecutions for pass offences reach in 1960? What was this comparable to?
700,000
double that in height of 60s protests
ECONOMIC RECOVERY
The Domestic Economy
Who benefited more from this decade of growth?
whites
ECONOMIC RECOVERY
The Domestic Economy
What was the overall increasing of white immigrants in 1960s?
250,000
ECONOMIC RECOVERY
The Domestic Economy
Why were the NP initially uneasy to let non-Afrikaner immigrants in? What changed this?
worried they might undermine their electoral majority
English-speakers vote in some numbers of the NO
ECONOMIC RECOVERY
The Domestic Economy
Even with the accepted European immigration, how much did the white population fall?
1921 - 22%
1968 - 17%
ECONOMIC RECOVERY
The Domestic Economy
How much did white incomes increase in ten years? How many times was their incomes compared to black SA incomes?
50%
12 times
ECONOMIC RECOVERY
The Domestic Economy
Why was the car an indicator of wealth? What was black car ownership vs white car ownership?
symbolised leisure and freedom
black: 1 car per 100
white: more than 1 car per 3
