South Africa 1940-1994 Flashcards
1
Q
When was a new SA constitution agreed and which Act was it?
A
December 1993, Act 200
2
Q
When was the Six Day War and where?
A
February 1986 in Alexandra, Johannesburg
3
Q
Why were white civil servant pensions guaranteed in the new constitution?
A
In order to Africanise the civil service - white’s had the security to leave
4
Q
What did Poqo turn into by the 90s, and what was the name of the far right white militant group of the 90s?
A
Azanian People’s Liberation Army, and the AWB with storming of negotiating halls to stop them and desire for white homeland
5
Q
How did Botha tackle black uprisings?
A
State of Emergency in 1985 and 86, as well as bulldozing and burning houses in Alexandra, and 25,000 arrests 1986-7
6
Q
What was the SA electoral system?
A
Proportional representation and party lists
7
Q
Why were black councils unpopular (not in terms of race)?
A
To improve services, housing rent taxes had to be increased, and controlling black informal settlements was met with tensions
8
Q
Example of growing black business of 80s
A
Taxi business
Shebeens
9
Q
When did violence become far more popular for students?
A
After 1984 Vaal Triangle killing of councillors when the Cape Town tricameral parliament opened
10
Q
What was the ‘third force?’
A
The idea that the government was threatening the ANC through secret vigilante means, shown clearest in evidence of Inkatha training
11
Q
Which group of the Tripartite Alliance protected black workers when in government in 1994?
A
COSATU
12
Q
Why did the fall in the Berlin Wall threaten apartheid?
A
There was no need for an anti-communist bulwark in Africa
13
Q
Which laws gave blacks a larger political voice?
A
Community Council Act of 1977 and Black Local Authorities Act of 1982, more black local representation
14
Q
Which event threatened talks in April 1993?
A
Whites assassinating Chris Hani
15
Q
When did de Klerk unban political parties (free Mandela) and how was this agreed?
A
February 1990, returning to the presidentialism of Botha as the parliament was not consulted
16
Q
How many seats did the NP, Conservatives and Democrats win in 1989 in the white House of Parliament?
A
94, 39, 33, a big step backwards for the NP
17
Q
What did COSAS support in 1984-5?
A
School stayaways in the townships
18
Q
How did Mandela try to avoid ‘black on black’ violence and what was the result?
A
He made an accord with Buthelezi to stop the violence in 1991, but it was not adhered to with 45 dying in Alexandra in March
19
Q
How did Total Strategy change in the 1980s?
A
From a more violent, yet expensive tactic in the beginning, a more diplomatic approach was taken
20
Q
Which group allied with the UDF in 1983?
A
COSAS
21
Q
Which protections under the constitution were for great importance to whites?
A
Property rights
22
Q
What did De Klerk do on ascension to power?
A
Reduced power of military in terms of State Security Council and it’s joint management systems
23
Q
How did Matanzima act while in power?
A
Gave himself unlimited power in Public Safety Act of 1977, as well as banning Methodist Church or any that opposed homelands
24
Q
Who was elected Secretary General of the ANC in 1991 and what did this signify for the movement?
A
Cyril Ramaphosa, a trade unionist who brought UDF and COSATU closer to the ANC
25
How did the ANC spread it’s message to SA?
Through Radio Freedom
26
Why did many whites in 1989 see the end of apartheid as a good thing?
The civil violence threatened their way of life, and Mandela was pro-settlement to end violence (the alternative therefore being more crackdowns and violence)
27
What occurred during the Six Day War?
A night vigil for Michael Diradeng, a political activist killed by a security guard, turned violent, with many killed on both sides before the police surrounded the township
28
How were the provinces and homelands redistributed in 1994 and how many did the ANC win?
9 provinces in total, 7 of which ANC won
29
Why was Thatcher unpopular with the ANC and when did Mandela meet her?
Disagreement over sanctions, support of Buthelezi over ANC and liberation movement, they met in July 1990
30
Which group renounced apartheid in the late 80s, and which group surprisingly negotiated with Mandela at the same time?
Dutch Reformed Church, and Broederbond leadership
31
What did the ANC ask of the people in 1984?
To make the country ungovernable
32
When did the United Democratic Front begin and who led it?
1983, wives of Mandela and Sisulu as well as religious figures like Tutu and Chikane
33
When did Mandela become president of the ANC and why?
July 1991 elected, as Tambo was ill
34
How did the ANC and CP more actively try to take down homeland power in 1992?
80,000 march on Ciskei and the leader Brigadier Gqozo, though 29 died
35
When did De Klerk come to power, and what was he before this time?
1989, Chairman of the Transvaal provincial NP
36
What did de Klerk do in June 1991?
Revoked Group Areas Act and Population Registration Act
37
What were Buthelezi’s ideas?
Protecting regional identities, free market values, single SA nation, anti-radical protests
38
Example of a political leader who would work within the apartheid system
Allan Hendrickse who led the Labour Party
39
How did rural rebellions develop during the 80s?
They worked along similar, youth-led parties, but with some opposition killed for witchcraft
40
How did Winnie Mandela act towards the comtsotsis?
She supported them, saying that the necklacing could liberate them
41
How many stayed away in COSATU protests of 1988-89?
2.5-3 million
42
Why were black councils unpopular in terms of race?
Councillors were seen as sell-outs, being used by the NP in order to pass responsibility for black poverty onto blacks, also elections seen as rigged a fraudulent
43
Who took over from the UDF after it’s banning?
COSATU and by affiliation Mass Democratic Movement
44
Which ANC organization tried to work homeland leaders on the side and when did this begin?
CONTRALESA in 1987
45
How many died in SA due to political violence 1990-94?
Around 14,000
46
When did Mandela and de Klerk get their Nobel Peace Prize?
1993
47
Number of police in 1981 and 1994?
49,000 up to nearly 140,000
48
What was set up in September 1993 to begin takeover of government of ANC and NP together?
Transitional Executive Committee
49
What percentage of votes in 1994 won by ANC, NP, Inkatha and Democratic Party?
62.6%, 20.4%, 10.5% and 1.7%
50
What part of the ANC in power did the NP fear?
The second stage of revolution, a socialist state
51
What did de Klerk do in June 1990?
Relaxed Group Areas Act such as in Hillbrow and lift state of emergency
52
What was life like under the ‘young lions of Alexandra?’
Comtsotsis ruled, creating a liberated new order while those who did not support them or their boycotts were necklaced
53
What did the NP attempt to get out of CODESA I?
A 75% majority needed in a future parliament, akin to power sharing
54
What was the political ideology of blacks in 1985?
Not black consciousness or black power, but instead a more popular mobilization to violence
55
Who was Allan Boesak?
Leader of Dutch reformed church colored branch as well as World Alliance of Reformed Churches, aid to UDF
56
When was Mandela moved from Robben Island and why?
1982, better conditions for Mandela, split the leadership and have good access to Mandela when needed
57
Who supported Buthelezi?
Homeland police and Inkatha vigilantes
58
How did CODESA end?
With de Klerk misusing his last word chance by admonishing MK, then Mandela strode up to speak against NP support for third force
59
Who led the Inkatha Freedom Party and where?
Chief Buthelezi in KwaZulu and parts of Natal
60
Example of violence between Africans due to ethnicity
1985-86 impi attacks on Umlazi township in order for better Zulu living standards, over 100 Transkeians killed
61
Who invigorated the youth in 1990 and in what context was this?
Peter Mokaba, who acted in a political presence for the ANC Youth League unlike the violence of the MK
62
How did the UDF work against apartheid?
Freedom Charter, no armed struggle, boycotts such as tricameral parliament (13% Indian turnout)
63
Why did some work under the apartheid council system, and who in particular did?
A great deal of government funds and housing allocation was done through the councils, and individuals such as Sam Buti hoped to use council powers to improve black living standards
64
How did Botha rule after the violence of 1985?
With the State Security Council instead of the tricameral parliament
65
Who came to SA in large numbers in the 80s and what did they do?
MK members carrying out attacks, 137 in 1985
66
Why were the youth good political activists in the 80s?
They had nothing to lose (young with no responsibilities), and they had a good knowledge of the backstreets
67
How many blacks died in the new Defiance Campaign march in Uitenhage?
23
68
What happened to the UDF in 1991 and what was set up by who in 1992?
UDF folded into the ANC, National Civic Organization of Moses Mayekiso set up
69
Which international events persuaded Ronnie Kasrils of change in ANC negotiating strategy?
Success in Eastern Europe of mass movements toppling regimes
70
What did the ANC do as a result of learning that the NP was training Inkatha?
Withdrawing from talks
71
What were the NP's hope for negotiations with Inkata?
Divides among blacks on racial lines would weaken them
72
What did de Klerk do after ending the state of emergency which wasn't great?
Arrest MK members (for Operation Vula) and CP (to stall their relaunch), charges withdrawn in March 1991
73
When was Mandela first offered freedom and why did he reject it?
January 1985, but he had to renounce the armed struggle
74
What was the 'sunset clause' of the new constitution?
Those with more than 5% of the vote would appear in a Government of National Unity
75
Where was CODESA held and when did it begin?
World Trade Centre in Johannesburg, October 1991
76
What did CODESA agree?
Single, democratic non-racial SA with Bill of Rights and separation of powers
77
What was set up in 1979 to tackle SWAPO of Namibia?
Koevoet or crowbar force who brutally attacked SWAPO targets and leaders
78
Why was the Angola war of the late 1980s unpopular?
The large white losses, highlighted by the End Conscription Campaign
79
How did Botha reform the townships?
Relaxation of pass laws, race restrictions on labour force and bans on private ownership of plots and houses
80
What was the ANC membership total in 1991?
700,000
81
What act of international pressure occurred in 1985?
Sanctios - US banks refused to renew SA loans, currency slump, Reagan pushed for disinvestment
82
Who revived the Nobel Peace Prize in 1985?
Desmond Tutu
83
Why did the ANC rise in status during the late 80s?
Recognition of sacrifice in armed struggle,
liberation credentials, and
Mandela ability to be above the street violence of the times
84
How many people watched the Mandela concert (46664) of 1990?
500 million
85
What happened on Matanzima’s removal?
Sabana Dalindyebo, previously secretly buried, was reburied at a public funeral with 6,000 in attendance
86
What was the result of the New York Accords of 1988?
Gorbachev had persuaded Cuba to move out of Angola, and there was free election there and in Namibia as a result of the Accords
87
Why was Mandela treated more fairly after 1982 and who was able to visit him?
The minister of justice was Kobie Coetsee, a Verligte (Liberal), and emissaries from the UK and US visited
88
What was launched by the MDM in 1989?
A new Defiance Campaign, where blacks targeted examples of petty apartheid such as white beaches of Cape Town
89
What did de Klerk see as his give and take at the beginning of talks?
He would allow CP delegates like Slovo to talk, but wanted ANC to renounce commitment to sanctions
90
Who supported federalism at CODESA I?
Buthelezi/Inkatha, Democrats (against centralized power) and NP to some extent
91
Which 2 groups did SA join in 1994 internationally?
African Union and Southern African Development Community
92
Who formed the Alexandra Action Committee and what did it do?
Moses Mayekiso who’s group attempted to fix community problems and create a sense of unity
93
Which groups were banned in 1988?
UDF from public events, and New Nation newspaper
94
Evidence for success of AAM internationally
1988 Mandela birthday concert in Wembley
95
Which slogan became popular during the height of political violence in the 80s and when?
People’s power in 1985
96
How were townships controlled after 1986?
Joint Management Committees of army, police and white bureaucrats
97
Which 2 laws did the ANC pass in 1994 when first in power?
Restitution of Land Rights Act and Truth and Reconciliation Act
98
How did Botha take total strategy against the ANC outside of SA?
Making friendships with other African nations as well as parcel bombs and direct raids on ANC members such as with Ruth First in Mozambique, 1981
99
When did CODESA begin and why did it fail?
May 1992, but failed after suspected third force action killing blacks in Boipatong
100
How many people greeted Mandela at an event in the FNB stadium of Soweto?
120,000
101
When did Mandela suspend the armed struggle?
August 1990
102
What did de Klerk do politically as a result of CODESA and why?
Hold a referendum for whites on future talks (69% for it) in order to stave off the threat of the Conservative Party and to diffuse white vigilante groups
103
Number killed in 1985 due to political activity
800
104
What had caused Total Strategy?
A reaction to Total Onslaught
105
Joint Management Centre roles
Remove activists and redress local grievances
106
Examples of government attack on opposition in SA
COSATU headquarters bombed in 1987 and anti-apartheid critic assassinated by Civilian Co-Operation Bureau in 1989
107
Examples of vigilante work supported
90% of deaths due to unrest due to these groups, such as Phakatis in Orange Free State attacking school boycotters in 1985 and 1,200 dying in 1988 in Edendale Valley due to vigilantes
108
2 laws of 1982 of importance to NP
Internal Security Act meaning anyone could be investigated and banned, and Inquest Act further censorship of police action
109
End of Mixed Marriage Act and Pass Laws
1985 and 1986
110
When were black trade unions legalized?
1979 under recommendations of Wiehann Report
111
Changes to constitution in 1984
3 Houses with new President with executive power, ability to dissolve Parliament and run African affairs
112
Example of Botha opening up to international presence
January 1985 Eminent Persons Group from Commonwealth visited and saw Mandela in March
113
2 apartheids by 1989
Grand apartheid still in place with Group Areas Act and petty apartheid still in place but with some compromise i.e. desegregated buses but not trains
114
Value loss of the Rand in 1985
35%
115
Percentage of all disposable income held by whites in 1985 and prediction of 2000
55% down to 43%
116
British Commonwealth Committee report on SA
1 million deaths, £35m damages as a result of foreign SA work
117
Reasons for failure of Total Strategy
Poor economy,
dissent within government,
inability to end violence
118
Number of troops deployed by SADF in 1986 state of emergency and number of deaths
8,000 troops admitted killing 43 by 1987
119
De Klerk's call in 1989
New Course
120
Issues for ANC after unbanning
Many members had participated in violence so were difficult to control, and the party lacked a political structure or staff
121
End of PAC again
August 1993 brutal murder of American aid worker
122
Number of whites receiving hunger relief aid in 1991
20,000, strong ground for picking up new white nationalists
123
Main creation of CODESA
Declaration of Intent
124
1992 September ANC/NP decision
Record of Understanding,
calls for release of political prisoners,
Zulu restrictions movement and
ban on traditional weapon carrying such as pangas
in turn for
white pension and employment rights in future
125
When did Mandela announce the need for National Unity (within government)?
February 1993, unpopular with many due to divides between parties
126
3 fears of whites with new settlement
Fear of black backlash,
loss of livelihoods due to job competition and
fear for loss of jobs in army/bureaucracy of apartheid,
reassured by Mandela
127
How did the far right carry out it's violence in the 90s?
AWB joined by Conservatives of General Viljoen and Inkatha to create Freedom Alliance
128
How did the Freedom Alliance end?
AWB incursion into Bophuthatswana, March 1994 with 600 members firing at random at suspected ANC members to try to reinstate Chief Mongope,
failed so others pulled out -
came back together for election
129
How do you amend the SA constitution?
2/3rd vote in Parliament
130
1999 election showing success of peace
Freedom Alliance and PAC only received 3 (out of 400) seats each
