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History > South Africa - Radicalisation of resistance and the consolidation of National Party 1960-68 > Flashcards

South Africa - Radicalisation of resistance and the consolidation of National Party 1960-68 Flashcards

1
Q

How many were killed and injured in Sharpeville and when?

A

69 dead, 187 injured in 21 March 1960

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2
Q

When was Verwoerd leader till and what was the policy that he supported strongest?

A

1966, and separate development in the Bantustans

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3
Q

What was the result of breaking a pass law?

A

Fine between £5-£8 or 5-8 weeks in prison

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4
Q

What percentage of Africans lived on less than £20 a month?

A

80%

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5
Q

How many pass incidents were there a day in the 1960s?

A

1,000

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6
Q

What were the main 3 complaints of Africans in the 1960s?

A

Pass laws, municipal rents and prohibition of liquor sales

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7
Q

How did the PAC protest compared to the ANC?

A

The PAC were less about leaders and more about the population struggling together towards freedom

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8
Q

How did the PAC act towards the ANC?

A

They copied, and tried to outdo them, such as doing Sharpeville 10 days before a planned ANC protest

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9
Q

What had happened in 1956 to show Sharpeville’s anti-apartheid stance?

A

15 were killed in bus boycotts

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10
Q

What occurred in 1958 to politicise the Sharpeville community?

A

10,000 forced to move there under Group Areas Act, so lack of housing and higher rents

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11
Q

Which ethnic group in Sharpeville raised the political tension?

A

Lesotho Africans who had next to no rights

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12
Q

What was founded in 1959 to raise the political activism in Sharpeville?

A

A well organized branch of the PAC with leader Nyakane Tsolo

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13
Q

What was the trigger for the shootings at Sharpeville?

A

Colonel Pienaar’s reinforcements, inexperienced and scared since the killing of 9 policemen in Cato Manor a few weeks before as well as police arrested Nyakane Tsolo, only leader able to control crowd

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14
Q

What did the police do post-Sharpeville to aid their case?

A

Place stones in the grounds of the police station and created two mounds of weapons to show to media

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15
Q

Why were the Sharpeville shootings seen so vividly and what was the international response?

A

There were many photos of the events, and the UN Security Council passed a resolution denouncing the events - later supported by UK and US

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16
Q

What does the events at Cape Town in 1960 show about the PAC at this time?

A

They were still committed to peace, with the Langa March receiving the support of around 40,000

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17
Q

What was the government response to Sharpeville?

A

State of emergency, and many increased police powers with a crackdown arresting many, including Mandela and Luthuli

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18
Q

What piece of legislation was passed after Sharpeville?

A

Unlawful Organisations Act aimed at the PAC and ANC, banning them in 1960

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19
Q

Which piece of legislation was most useful to the police during crackdowns?

A

Public Safety Act of 1953 whereby the police could work without warrants

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20
Q

What shows the waning power of Britain in SA before the republic was created?

A

1955 Simonstown Naval Base was handed to SA

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21
Q

What gave the National Party the political ability to cal a referendum?

A

Their 66% of seats in parliament after the 1958 election

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22
Q

How was the National Party split in 1960?

A

Between hardline Transvaal inhabitants like Verwoerd and nationalist Cape Town inhabitants

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23
Q

How did hardline Transvaal influences grow by 1960?

A

The Broderbund were led by a new leader as such, who also controlled the SA Broadcasting Association

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24
Q

How did the SA Broadcasting Association aid the NP?

A

They only allowed TV in 1976 to limit foreign influence

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25
Why was Macmillan somewhat for decolonisation?
It would mean that those nations would be happier to trade and work with Britain
26
When was the Wind of Change speech?
1960, after Verwoerd had called the referendum
27
What was Verwoerd reaction to Macmillan's calls for decolonisation and more black rights?
A further pursuit of the policy in the Bantustans of self-government
28
When did SA become RSA?
May 1961
29
What changes were made to government and currency as a result of the RSA forming?
State President became head of state and rand replaced pound
30
What were the majority of changes like in the move to RSA?
Aesthetic, such as the removing of Royal from state-owned entities
31
Why did SA have to leave the Commonwealth?
As well as Asian and African nations' qualms, Verwoerd said that African embassies would not be allowed into Pretoria due to overcrowding
32
How was Britain and it's colonies used by dissidents?
They often fled there, for example the AAM set up in London in 1960
33
How was SA politically safe from international pressure in the 1960s?
Parts of the Tory Party were against the wind of change speech, and SA positioned itself well as a bulwark against communism after the Cuban Missile Crisis
34
How was SA economically safe from international pressure during the 1960s?
Much foreign investment was pumped into SA from Britain at this time, and the gold and uranium from SA was of vital use to other nations
35
When were the first British sanctions laid on SA?
1964 Wilson's arms embargo as put forward by the UN a year before
36
When were the Treason Trial members acquitted?
March 1961
37
Why did the ANC see violence as a possible route to success?
It has worked in China, Cuba and Algeria
38
When was the armed struggle taken up by the ANC?
June 1961
39
Who in the ANC had reservations about the armed struggle?
Luthuli and some members of the SA Indian Congress
40
Who led the MK?
Mandela for the ANC side, and Joe Slovo for the CP
41
Who helped the MK internationally?
Soviet Union, and China and East Germany for training and Ethiopia (not so communist)
42
How did the MK begin it's violence?
Sabotage of communication links
43
Who worked for Poqo?
Underground migrant workers, first in Cape Town
44
What did Poqo attempt to do?
Work like the Mau Mau in Kenya and focus on pro-African SA political education
45
How did Poqo work with the PAC?
While the same Africanist views were supported, the PAC had little control over the random violence of Poqo
46
Which 2 Poqo actions show it's violence?
Paarl march in 1962 killed 2 whites hacked to death with axes and home-made weapons by mob of 250, and Mbashe Bridge killings of a white family
47
How many Poqo and Mk members were hung in the 1960s?
62 of Poqo and 7 of MK
48
Why was the MK and Poqo weak during the 1960s?
No base in or out of SA, little funding or training
49
When was the Rivonia Trial?
1963-64
50
How did Mandela and the ANC help their case in the Rivonia Trial?
Mandela made an impassioned speech, and they hired Afrikaner lawyer Bram Fischer
51
Who led the MK post-Rivonia?
Joe Modise with Joe Slovo helping in exile
52
How did Tambo aid the ANC cause?
Got UN recognition of ANC and PAC as SA political entities, gained funds from USSR and Sweden, raised profile of ANC internationally
53
Which group was a key part of the AAM and why?
Anglican Church members such as Reeves who had seen the plight of Africans from their schools, and who saw this as against the word of God
54
Who internationally yet not South African helped the AAM?
E.S. Reddy, an Indian who worked against apartheid in the UN alongside African and Asian nations
55
When was SA removed from FIFA and the Olympics
1963 and 1964
56
When was the D'Oliveira incident and what was the result of it?
1968, where Vorster banned the team from travelling to SA after D'Oliveira was selected
57
Who was Vorster before becoming Prime Minister?
Minister of Justice, seen as vital during ANC and PAC crackdowns of 1963
58
How fast did the SA economy grow during the 1960s and what was this like compared to other nations?
Over 5% a year, better than some richer countries but not as strong as some Asian and South American countries
59
What were the issues with the SA economy in the 1960s?
Reliance on mining and agriculture, low productivity, lack of skilled workers
60
How many black workers were in white collar jobs in 1951 and 1975?
75,000 up to 420,000
61
What could apartheid be described as in some workplaces?
A floating colour bar, it changed based on need
62
What example shows government funding of black housing?
12,000 4-room family dwellings built in Mdantsane near East London by 1970
63
Which piece of legislation aided the black construction worker?
Native Building Workers Act of 1951 which allowed for skilled blacks to work on African houses, particularly in townships and betterment villages
64
How much did per capita income increase for blacks during the 1960s?
23%
65
How many Africans were in the cities in 1960 and 1970 and why?
1.5 million to over 6 million, as the Bantustans were not invested in well enough
66
Why were European immigrants encouraged to come to SA?
English-speakers began to vote for the NP, and by 1968 whites were only 17% of the population
67
What was the 1960s like for white SA?
Strong prosperity, 50% wage increase, 4th in per capita car ownership, leisure and freedom
68
Which groups of Africans grew during the 1960s socially?
Stokvels, women's groups and churches which grouped together Africans in the townships - growth of black identity
69
Which book in 1965 shows black economic strength?
An African Bourgeoisie by Leo Kuper, a study of Zulu people showing them not to be tribal but adapting
70
How did the role of women change in the 1960s?
They became more empowered in jobs such as domestic servant, selling beer or small business running - still higher education was blocked off
71
How did Drum magazine raise women's issues?
The sexy pictures on the front pages broke new boundaries, and Mary Serfontein's commentary on SA life became very well known and liberal
72
When and where was the first self-governing homeland set up?
Transkei in 1963
73
What was the politics of the Transkei like?
Kaiser Matanzima led to Transkei National Independence Party who were able to lose the election of 1963 yet appoint minister ex-officio to retain power
74
How did the creation of homelands help Transkei?
There was increased funding of infrastructure, as well as trading stations moving into black hands via homeland agencies - growth of middle class with African businesses
75
What was internationally set up in 1963 against apartheid?
Organisation of African Unity which had a SA liberation fund and Liberation Committee with military training camps for ANC members in exile
76
How did Vorster work diplomatically?
He offered a hand of friendship to other African nations in terms of trade and economic advice, many of which were reliant on a strong SA economy, such as Malawi
77
Which industries invested in SA and why?
Japanese car manufacturers, Barclays, VW, Coca-Cola, due to cheap labour and consumer market and lack of communism
78
What was passed in 1967 to increase police powers?
Terrorism Act, indefinite detention for suspects
79
What was set up in 1968 to increase police powers?
A new central police headquarters, with 2 floors for the security branch - torture was used, 8 lost their lives
80
Reaction to women's pass protests
1956 Native Administration Act - easier to remove Africans to reserves
81
Number who gathered at Sharpeville and percentage shot in the back
20,000 and 70%
82
State of emergency in relation to Sharpeville
30th of March 1960, 9 days after Sharpeville, 10,000 arrested
83
NP response to Sharpeville in terms of enquiry
Wessels Commission of Inquiry, claimed police were indecisive but acted in self-defense all the same
84
Reaction to Sharpeville abroad
UN condemnation of apartheid, 10,000 protest in London, caused ANC and PAC to radicalise as response was effective
85
Action of Vorster as Justice Minister from 1961
Police Reserve Unit set up to develop into Security Police, as well as quasi-legal bodies for dirty tricks, turned to BOSS (Bureau for State Security) in 1969
86
1962 law to aid police
Sabotage Act, implied guilt and death penalty, torture with electric chair allowed
87
1963 law to aid police
General Law Amendment Act - 90 day detention without charges or lawyer, with Sobukwe can be extended forever such as Sobukwe Clause from 1969, as well as new radio communication set up
88
1964 law to aid police
Bantu Laws Amendment Act - Minister of Bantu Affairs could deport immediately any African from cities to homelands for any reason, creation of city quotas and unemployed deportations
89
Example of international African reason why to continue apartheid
In 1960 there was a bloodbath in former Belgian Congo, more stable in SA
90
Sporting protest of 1960
NZ biggest protests ever as Maori were not allowed to be part of tour to SA
91
When did Luthuli receive his Nobel Peace Prize?
December 1961
92
End of peaceful protests for ANC
29-31 May 1961 - poor turnout due to lack of PAC aid, and strong NP crackdown, caused need for change to armed struggle
93
Start of MK action
16 December 1961, Digane Day (loss at Blood River in 1838) with bombings of government buildings in Port Elizabeth and Durban, next 18 months there were 200 attacks
94
White support of armed struggle
African Resistance Movement, breakaway from Liberal Party, most arrest by 1964, John Harris executed in 1965 for bombing Johannesburg railway station
95
How did the Rivonia Trial become so one sided?
250 pieces of evidence showing plan for violence including Operation Mayibuye (guerilla war) was found in Liliesleaf Farm - Mandela already arrested since 1962
96
How did the Rivonia Trial carry out?
Mandela made a 4 hour impassioned speech more to convert others than to save themselves, sent to Robben Island with NP hope they'd be forgotten
97
International response to Rivonia
UN called for defendants to be released, dockworkers refused to handle SA goods, Congressmen MPs and Brezhnev called for clemency, 50 MPs protested in London
98
What did the ANC do in 1967?
Ally with ZAPU of Rhodesia, little success, some good experience in Wankie campaign, not sustainable
99
Where were the 1969 changes of Tambo made?
Morogoro Conference in Tanzania
100
Different leaderships of ANC
National Executive of ANC was only blacks, while Revolutionary Council for MK was multi-racial
101
How did Poqo end?
List of all members found by NP in 1963, with 2000 arrested finishing organisation, Leballo resigned in 1969
102
What happened after Sharpeville to damage the economy?
Exodus of white professionals fearing civil war, and some de-investment
103
Percentage of management posts taken by Afrikaners rather than British in 1948 and 1960
43% and 68%
104
Why was investment a good idea in the 1960s?
Investors saw 15-20% return on investments
105
White population in 1960 and 1970 and cause
3.1m up to 3.8m mainly down to immigration
106
Example of British investment
Banks such as Barclays that controlled 60% of bank deposits
107
3 weaknesses of SA economy
Requirement of foreign investment, need for import of heavy machinery for mining, entire reliance on foreign oil
108
1980 report on wealth of bottom 40%
6% of wealth held by them
109
When was Ghana and Guinea decolonised and how did this impact on NP policy?
1957 and 1958, Bantustans were seen as an apartheid version of decolonization
110
How was Matanzima able to ban groups?
Nearly constant state of emergency and Proclamation R400
111
What was independence like in the Bantustans?
Merely a reservoir for cheap labour in SA, Bantustans were many sections rather than one tribe (3 in Transkei) as well as no other nation recognition of their independence and chiefs assassinated like Mabuza of Tembo tribe by Poqo in 1962
112
Defence budget of 1961 and 1966
R44m and then R260m
113
What was set up to control arms production?
1964 Armaments Production Board with R33m

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