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History > South Africa - How was Apartheid codified and implemented, 1948-59? > Flashcards

South Africa - How was Apartheid codified and implemented, 1948-59? Flashcards

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1
Q

STRENGTHENING THE NP

What was one of the National Party’s priorities? How did they try to do this?

A

to stay in political power

1949 - 6 members of Parliament were added for whites in Namibia (South West Africa)
because Nationalists had support there

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2
Q

STRENGTHENING THE NP

What was the National Party’s approach to Coloured people? Why?

A

although they share much cultural history with whites

the Nationalists were determined that they should become a separate racial category

because Coloured people still had a vote in central parliamentary eelctions
they voted overwhelmingly for United Party

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3
Q

STRENGTHENING THE NP

How was the Coloured vote specially protected?

A

Coloured vote in the Cape required 2.3 majority of parliament to change a law

the remaining of Parliament just needed a simple majority

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4
Q

STRENGTHENING THE NP

When was the remaining Coloured vote removed? By what Act?

A

1951

Separate Representation of Voters Act

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5
Q

STRENGTHENING THE NP

Name 2 other ways the NP set about strengthening their party?

A
  1. ‘packing’ senate with sympathetic Afrikaner judges

2. Afrikaners is senior positions (military, army, police, bureaucracy)

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6
Q

STRENGTHENING THE NP

Did these measures work? Di the NP increase their vote?

A

Yes
1953 - the NP vote increased from 400,000 to 600,000
they narrowly outpolled the UP

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7
Q

STRENGTHENING THE NP

How else, other than politics, did the NP get their vote strengthened?

A

1950s - state employment increased from 482,000 to 799,000

majority of them Afrikaners

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8
Q

APARTHEID LAWS

Name 3 laws that began segregation of lands and what they did.

A
  1. Bantu Authorities Act 1951
    place responsibility for local government onto a conservative rural African leadership (traditional tribal leader) that would cooperate with the government
  2. Urban Areas Act 1952
    limited the category of blacks who had right to permanent residence in urban area. (had to be living for there fore 15yrs+ or employed for 15yrs)
  3. Promotion of Bantu Self-Government Act 1959
    envisaged self-governing African units
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9
Q

APARTHEID LAWS

Name 3 race laws and what they did.

A
  1. Prohibition of Mixed Marriage’s Act 1949
    prohibited marriages between ‘Europeans’ and ‘Non-Europeans’
  2. Immorality Act 1950
    prohibited marriage and sex by whites
  3. Population Registration Act 1950
    national register and documents were issued so race could be public knowledge (1 of 4 categories)
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10
Q

APARTHEID LAWS

Name a law used to crush opposition and what it did.

A

Suppression of Communism Act 1950
formally banned the Communist Party
prohibited any groups/party subscribing to Communism

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11
Q

APARTHEID LAWS

Name 2 laws to separate races in public areas and what they did.

A
  1. Natives Abolition of Passes Act 1952
    made it compulsory for all black SAs to carry a ‘passbook’ in white areas
  2. Reservation of Separate Amenities Act 1953
    legalised racial segregation of public premises, vehicles and services . (only public roads were excluded)
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12
Q

APARTHEID LAWS

Name a law that governed where the races lived and what it did.

A

Group Areas Act 1950

assigned racial groups to different residential and business sections in urban areas in a system of urban apartheid

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13
Q

APARTHEID LAWS

Name 2 laws that separated the races in school and what they did.

A
  1. Bantu Education Act 1953
    enforced separate educational facilities
  2. Extension of University Education Act 1959
    made it criminal for a non-white student to register at a formerly open university

without written permission of Minister of Internal Affairs

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14
Q

SOPHIATOWN

What was the state of Sophiatown in 1904 when it was established until NP moved in?

A
  • black people has freehold ownership of their properties
  • racially mixed
  • overcrowded
  • gang crime and ANC activity
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15
Q

SOPHIATOWN
Forced removal isn’t legal unless the government provide costly alternative accommodation, so what did the government do?

A

Pass/use the Group Areas Act 1950 enforced residential segregation

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16
Q

SOPHIATOWN

When and where were residents relocated?

A

1955

to Meadowlands Western Townships which became (Soweto)

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17
Q

SOPHIATOWN

What was the removal date set to? What did the Minister of Justice say?

A

12 February 1955

The ANC would oppose removal with violence (e.g. cars loaded with explosives and tyres to roll at police)

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18
Q

SOPHIATOWN

What was the ANC campaign? How long did it go on for?

A

‘We Won’t Move’ Campaign in 1955

18 months

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19
Q

SOPHIATOWN

What happened when forced removals were put in place?

A
  • 2000 armed police invaded
  • 110 families moved on 1st night
  • took several years and 65,000 were removed
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20
Q

SOPHIATOWN

What was the impact?

A

new homes had no tiolets, water or electricity

Trimof was built in its place

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21
Q

SOPHIATOWN

What was the effect on the ANC when they didn’t save Sophiatown?

A

galvanised the anti-apartheid movement

forced the ANC to consider a change in strategy

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22
Q

DISTRICT 6

Where was District 6? How many people lived there? What races lived there?

A

a former inner city residential area of Cape Town

60,000 people resided

predominantly Coloured and Indian with smaller black/white communities

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23
Q

DISTRICT 6

Who were the first to be “resettled” and when?

A

blacks in 1901

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24
Q

DISTRICT 6

What did the 1950 Groups Areas Act declare District 6?

A

a white area

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25
Q

DISTRICT 6

What campaign turned up?

A

‘Hands off District 6” that prevented private development and some land remained vacant

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26
Q

DISTRICT 6

How did the Afrikaners portray District 6 to prove their point?

A

a place riddled with immoral activity such as gambling and prostitution

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27
Q

DURBAN

What was the population of Durban? What was the ratio of races?

A

450,000

1/3 Indian
1/3 African
1/3 White

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28
Q

DURBAN

Where and how did each race live?

A

White - suburbs
Indians - owed private property and lent to Africans
Africans - bought from Indians and built shacks

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29
Q

DURBAN

Why did the Africans attack Indians in 1949? How many were killed/injured in the riots and police suppression?

A

they felt like they were exploiting them

142 killed
1000 injured

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30
Q

DURBAN

What was the governments action? What did this mean for blacks?

A

they imposed the Group Areas Act

the shacks were largely removed and 10,000s of people sent to far-flung townships

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31
Q

DURBAN

Where the Indians moved too? To where? What was different in Indian settlements though?

A

Yes
41,000

to south zone of the city

they could own their private property unlike Africans

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32
Q

PASS LAWS

Why were pass laws central to National Party policy?

A

helped their policy of influx control - focus on reducing African migration to the cities

33
Q

PASS LAWS

Why did the NP want to make the cities a white zone?

A

to protect them from:

  • cheap black labour
  • African protest
  • from crime
34
Q

PASS LAWS

Before 1948, what did pass laws enforce?

A

all african men travelling outside the reserves to carry a pass

35
Q

PASS LAWS

What act did the NP pass to build on current pass laws? What did this act do?

A

1952 Natives Abolition of Passes Act

  • requires a reference book for each African adult (to present on demand)
  • established their identity
  • established their right to be in the urban areas (by Urban Areas Act 1952)
36
Q

PASS LAWS

Were Africans allowed to buy houses or land in cities? How did this affect them?

A

no, not even in townships

hugely undermined their security and their capacity to accumulate family wealth

37
Q

PASS LAWS

How were the pass laws enforced? How was this received by Africans?

A
  • frequently stopped and searched in streets and houses
  • those who had rights to stay int he city were still constantly harassed

they deeply resented it

38
Q

PASS LAWS

When were pass laws extended to women?

A

1956

39
Q

PASS LAWS

How did convictions under pass laws increase from 1952 to 1962?

A

1952 - 164,324

1962 - 384, 497

40
Q

PASS LAWS

Were the pass laws effective?

A

YES: they were a massive issue of African political opposition and this shows it may have been effective

NO: the pass laws failed to keep Africans out of the city
- African urban population increased
1946 - 1.8 million
1960 - 3.5 million
- many were prepared to brave pass laws to find work opportunities
- some white employers colluded with black workers to bypass influx control

41
Q

EDUCATION LAWS

What was education like prior to and during the 40s?

A
  • mostly racially segregated

- small number of Africans attended elite schools (that had broad syllabus and black teachers too)

42
Q

EDUCATION LAWS

Prior to and during the 40s, what was the great bulk of schools for Africans like?

A
  • funded by gov
  • managed by local churches
  • given a basic education
43
Q

EDUCATION LAWS

Why was the Bantu Education Act 1953 passed?

A
  • to extend education to African children
  • segregate the content of education
  • brought African schools under state control
44
Q

EDUCATION LAWS

What was one of the main fears that drove the expansion of education?

A

fear of tsotsis (street youths)

fear the young were joining gangs rather than attending school

45
Q

EDUCATION LAWS

Why else did the NP expand education to Africans?

A
  1. needs for African workers in factories and shops was rapidly increasing.
    - unskilled workers were not fit for the job

some degree of academic ability was seen as valuable to building the black workforce

  1. 1951 census recorded that only 21% of Africans were literate
46
Q

EDUCATION LAWS

Name one good and one bad effect of the Act?

A

good:
did greatly increase educational opportunities at all levels

bad:
African education was made only to prepare them for limited roles and opportunities

47
Q

EDUCATION LAWS

Before the 1950s, what happened to the students who finished their matric (and were wealthier)?

A

able to attend:

  • Uni of Fort Hare
  • few hundred were admitted to Universities of Cape Town and Witwatersrand (Johannesburg)
48
Q

EDUCATION LAWS

When Fort Hare became akey point for black student opposition to apartheid, what did the government do?

A

passed 1959 Extension of University Education Act to ensure that Fort Hare came under government control

49
Q

EDUCATION LAWS

What else did the Extension of University Education Act ensure?

A
  • full segregation by race of the largely white English-language unis
  • set out plans for new unis for racially defined minorities
50
Q

TOMLINSON REPORT

Why did the Afrikaner nationalists see potential in the bantustans (African homelands)

A

the post-war era saw state planning and modernisation as the route to solving social and economic problems

51
Q

TOMLINSON REPORT

Who was Tomlinson?

A
  • an agricultural economist at Uni of Stellenbosch

- he reported in 1955

52
Q

TOMLINSON REPORT

What did Tomlinson believe?

A

sustained development of the Bantu areas on a large scale was the ‘germinal point’

it would allow for a compromise between total integration and ultimate segregation

53
Q

TOMLINSON REPORT

How did the Tomlinsom Commission believe that the Bantustans could be trasnformed?

A

through an investment of £100 million

54
Q

TOMLINSON REPORT

What was its 3 recommendations?

A
  1. class of full time farmers to increase size of plot and turn communal tenure into private tenure
  2. major funding for rural industries
  3. private enterprise should be encouraged in all areas
55
Q

TOMLINSON REPORT

What did the recommendations of the report suggest?

A

pushing families off land to create bigger ‘economic units’

56
Q

TOMLINSON REPORT

Why did Verweord reject these ideas (even though he believed in separate development)?

A
  1. whites would not support expenditure on this scale
  2. did not want to create competition for urban white businesses
  3. felt Bantustans should develop at their own pace
  4. if landholdings were enlarged, millions of Africans would potentially lose their jobs (and have to travel to cities to find work)
  5. private land ownership would undermine the power of the chiefs on whom he relied for political support
57
Q

TOMLINSON REPORT

Rather than investing in the bantustans as Tomlinson recommended, what did the NP gov adopt as a policy?

A

‘betterment’ or ‘rehabilitation’

58
Q

TOMLINSON REPORT

Was it a better policy?

A

it was cheaper

but more disruptive

59
Q

TOMLINSON REPORT

Why did the gov introduce this policy foremost? What did the government claim it would do?

A

they were worried about soil erosion and environmental degradation

claimed it would stop environmental degradation but enable Africans to intensify their farming

60
Q

TOMLINSON REPORT

What did the government say was the solution to the erosion?

A

they thought livestock was the reason this was happening

  1. divide paddocks into small areas with barbed wire
  2. move animals from paddock to paddock throughout the year to avoid over-grazing
61
Q

TOMLINSON REPORT

What didi the government do to create and control the space needed for this policy?

A

moved rural families from scattered settlements into compact villages

62
Q

TOMLINSON REPORT

What was the effect on the people who lived in these areas during the betterment policy?

A
  1. 1 million+ people were force to move into villages

2. some were forced to sell their livestock to ease pressure on pastures

63
Q

TOMLINSON REPORT

Why was the betterment policy deeply resented?

A
  1. cut across traditional ways of living

2. culling livestock was so unpopular

64
Q

TOMLINSON REPORT

Was the betterment policy kept?

A

no, the government largely abandoned it in the 60s

65
Q

TOMLINSON REPORT

What were some inadequacies of the bantustans policy?

A
  1. although substantial new areas of white-owned land were bought to extend the homelands, homelands made a very limited percentages of SA land area
    - the NP was not prepared to divide SA equally
  2. Africans were to be subdivided into their historical chieftainships and language groups but whites would remain whites
    - there was no bits of ‘white SA’ for Afrikaners, British Afrikaners etc.
    - the Africans had not lost their old identities but they could see themselves as members of extended groups (e.g. Zulu, South African and Johannesburg worker all at once)
66
Q

POLITICAL SUPPRESSION

How did the NP handle opposition?

A

they permitted a degree of opposition

but they used force to suppress various protests

67
Q

POLITICAL SUPPRESSION

The 1950s saw gov become increasingly concerned of growing Congress movement, who did they arrest in dawn raids in 1956?

A

156 members of the Congress Alliance

e.g. a broad coalition of anti-apartheid orgs incl, ANC, Indian Congress, trade unionists

68
Q

POLITICAL SUPPRESSION

What did the government accuse the Congress Alliance members of?

A

high treason
trialled for 5 years

the prosecution tried to prove that the Congress movement planned to overthrow the government by force with communist ideals

69
Q

POLITICAL SUPPRESSION

What did the trial demonstrate?

A

the multi-racial nature of the anti-apartheid struggle

70
Q

POLITICAL SUPPRESSION

With media attention, what else did the trial allow the members to do?

A

use the rial as a chance to speak from the dock about their ideas

71
Q

POLITICAL SUPPRESSION

What negative effect did the trial have on the ANC?

A

its leaders were tired up in legal proceedings for several years

72
Q

POLITICAL SUPPRESSION

What was the outcome of the trial?

A

prosecution unable to prove their case and all were acquitted in 1961

73
Q

POLITICAL SUPPRESSION

What did Mandela do after the Treason Trial?

A
  • went underground
  • disguised as a chauffeur
  • spent time at Rivonia in a farm
74
Q

POLITICAL SUPPRESSION

Who was Mandela accompanied by?

A

white sympathisers and Communist Party members

75
Q

POLITICAL SUPPRESSION

What did Mandela do in 1962?

A

travelled to other countries to seek support

76
Q

POLITICAL SUPPRESSION

What happened when Mandela returned from his travels in 1962? Why?

A

arrested at Howick Falls

charged for:

  • incitement to vote
  • travelling abroad without a passport
77
Q

POLITICAL SUPPRESSION

What was Mandela sentenced to after being arrested at Howick Falls?

A

5 years without parole

78
Q

POLITICAL SUPPRESSION

What happened while Mandela was in prison for the Howick Falls raid?

A

the security forces raided the farm in 1963
they found incriminating documents
he became involved in Rivonia Trial

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