South Africa - Redefining resistance and challenges to National Party power 1968-83 Flashcards
What was passed in 1959 about education?
Extension of University Education Act, aiming to split rich and poor blacks and creating a ruling class for the homelands
Which international presence interested Africans in universities the most?
The radical Christianity of MLK and black power, as well as Bobby Kennedy’s SA visit of 1966 to NUSAS
Why did Biko split from NUSAS?
The organisation was filled with whites who saw blacks as unequal
When was SASO set up and where?
July 1969 in Turfloop
Which religious ideology heavily influenced black consciousness?
Liberation theology
Why was black chosen as the word to describe the consciousness movement?
It was not Bantu or non-white, it harked back to some African languages, it was not African like ANC or PAC, it gave a sense of identity
Why was the segregation of universities a flaw in the NP plan?
It gave blacks the unrestrained ability to act as they wished as their idea-building age
What was SASO first international support action?
A 1,200 person rally supporting FRELIMO in Mozambique, which was against a government ban
Which anti-homelands organisations were launched in 1972?
Black Consciousness Movement and a Black People’s Convention
Which newspaper helped spread the ideas of black consciousness in Soweto?
The World
When were the SASO 9 arrested and how did the trial go about?
March 1973, heavily covered by press as SASO itself was not banned, Biko outlined philosophy of black consciousness, protest songs were sung
How many African children were at school in 1950 and 1975?
1 million up to 3.5 million
How was the black consciousness movement in high schools threatened?
By the government, and by the tsotsis gangs which threatened those leaving school
How did the threats to black consciousness affect it’s structure?
The members often formed collectives to protect themselves
Which decision was made in 1974 to start the path towards the Soweto uprising?
The Transvaal Bantu Education Department expanded Afrikaans as the language of teaching, enforced harshly by Andries Treurnicht
How many marched on in Soweto, when, and how many died in the whole uprising?
20,000, 575 died June 16th 1976
What occurred after the first Soweto marches?
Attacking of African local government buildings, 2 officials killed, Wits University Afrikaans department attempted to be burnt
Who organized funerals for those in Soweto?
Winnie Mandela and her Black Parents Association
How many youths fled SA 1976-77?
4,000
What occurred in April 1977 to show the fractious atmosphere of the times?
When Soweto rents were increased, Urban Bantu Council buildings were burnt down in mass protests
When did Biko die?
September 1977
How was Woods able to spread the story of Biko in SA?
Through the newspaper he edited, the Daily Dispatch
How many people went to Biko’s funeral?
Over 10,000
Where was the ANC and MK based in exile and why?
Lusaka in Zambia, close to SA, cheaper to house exiled political community
Which 2 campaigns did the MK launch from Lusaka and what were the results of these?
1967 Wankie Campaign and 1968 Sipolilo Campaign, both failures resulting in Kaunda of Zambia asking the MK to take their violence elsewhere
What changes were made to the ANC in 1969?
Tambo re-elected as leader, new ‘strategy and tactics’ whereby no armed detachments but infiltration of SA groups and individuals, admitting people of all races (no 4 separate groups)
How did the ANC become more authoritarian in the 1970s?
Expulsion in 1975 of pro-Africanists, expulsion of whites trying to mobilise SACTU in late 70s
How did the British AAM work in the 60s and 70s?
Organised sporting and arts boycotts by unions and guilds, by 70s SA was quite isolated
What was passed by the UN in 1980?
Cultural and academic boycott of SA
Under what circumstances and when was SA expelled from test cricket?
UK Stop the Seventy Tour disrupted 1969-1970 tour, ban in 1970
What was signed by Commonwealth countries in 1977?
Gleneagles Agreement discouraging sports teams from working with SA
When was that SA/NZ rugby tour?
1981
What did Heath do in 1970 to change policy towards SA and how did he act after this time?
Removal of UK from UN arms embargo of SA, then ‘constructive engagement’
Why were economic boycotts not supported by many in the UK in the 70s?
Investment could help the black worker alongside good working practices, thought that economic growth would should weaknesses of apartheid
What did the World Council of Churches do in 1972 under AAM pressure?
Sell its holdings in companies that had SA interests
What was the name of the 2 segments of the National Party?
Verligte and Verkrampte
What did Vorster do with a report that recommended more colored integration?
He rejected it, siding with the verkramptes over the verligte press like Die Burger
Who did Vorster wish to replace him and how did he try and make this happen?
Connie Mulder, Minister of Information, who was allocated a R64 million slush fund for ‘propaganda projects’
