Sos- Trauma Flashcards
top 2 leading causes of child and adolescent death in 2016
motor vehicle crash
firearm-related injury
sx’s of what
mild traumatic brain injury (TBI)
sx’s of what
moderate to severe TBI
90% of all TBI cases are usually what
mild
Hypoxic/ischemic injury
Shearing stress damage of vessels
causes of what
brain parenchymal injury
white or gray matter
white
red arrow
axonal spheroids
white and red arrows
white: focal
red: diffuse
brain parenchymal injuries can be what two things
focal or diffuse
blood vessel tears
axons (axonal spheroids)
damaged glial processes
shearing stress damage (brain parenchymal injury)
A blow to the head that results in temporary loss of normal function
(often no external sign of head trauma; do not have to have loss of consciousness)
concussion
Symptoms include Headaches, irritability, vomiting, loss of memory, seizure and confusion
concussion
how long to fully recover from concussion
days to weeks
Treatment includes bed rest, fluids and mild pain relievers
for concussion
40% more concussions in female ____ players compared to men
soccer
common injury in sports
concussion
can occur with a second brain impact before the first impact symptoms resolve
second impact syndrome
Decorticate posture
Decerebrate posture
minor misalignment
C1-C2 sublaxation
20-year-old man presents to ED after a fight
Smells of alcohol
Confused and has clear liquid draining from his nose (CSF)
Cribriform plate fracture
loss of smell and taste with cribriform plate fracture if what is injured
olfactory nerves
_____ can cause pneumoencephalitis
cribriform plate fracture
blood out of ears and nose
basilar skull fracture
“Bruises” occur over the crest of gyri due to an external force
contusion
Blood vessels rupture causing hemorrhage, and cellular ischemia and swelling (edema) from what
contusion
occur to gyri beneath the site of impact (type of contusion)
direct (coup)
occur to gyri located opposite to a direct contusion (type of contusion)
indirect (contrecoup)
occur due to compressed herniated neocortex from contusion
herniation
coup or contrecoup and why
contrecoup (b/c its inferior frontal and temporal)
coup or contrecoup
coup
contusion
also has blown pupil
herniation syndrome
how to relieve herniations in OR
transcalvarial surgery
4 types of herniation syndromes
cingulate
central
uncal/parahippocampal
cerebellar
MCA and ACA affected
mass effect
red arrow
hippocampal or transtentorial herniation
white arrow
parahippocampal gyrus
tonsillar (coning) herniation
herniated cerebellum
Secondary bleed due to increased brain pressure and torsion
duret hemorrhage
where is the hemorrhage
pons
Hypertensive bleed
Cocaine
can cause what
duret hemorrhage
diffuse axonal injury
brain rotational injury causing axonal and microvessel damage
diffuse axonal injury (DAI)
most tearing of a diffuse axonal injury occurs where
gray-white matter junction
diffuse axonal injury
axonal spheroids (DAI)
20 yr old man w/ multiple long bone fractures
fat/air emboli
capillary shown
20 yr old man w/ multiple long bone fractures
fat emboli
potential late effect of sport-related concussion and subconcussive head trauma
chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE)
A type of neurodegeneration many of the same histopathologic findings as Alzheimer’s disease
CTE
CTE
Traumatic brain injury due to some blast explosion (what do they end up having)
diffuse axonal injury
lung problems
A 16-year-old man founds 30 yards away from a parked car with several occupants that had sustained the same injuries
diffuse axonal injury
A 55-year-old chronic alcoholic presents to your ED and dies soon after
methanol toxicity
affects putamen bilaterally
methanol injury
A 48-year-old Minister and family present to the Forensic Morgue (brain is cherry red)
CO poisoning
globus pallidus affected with this poisoning
CO
Carbon monoxide
