Sos- Neurophysiology Flashcards
Na/K ATPase is what type of channel and causes depolarization/hyperpolarization
Ligand-gated channel
resting potential
-70 mV
flow of Na and K in and out of cell
Na+ flows out and K+ flows in
If the Na-K pump does not have ___ the pump stops functioning and there is cell edema
ATP
the threshold potential of ____ mV sodium flows out of cell into the axon and potassium flows out of axon into cell
Allowing for an action potential propagation
-50 mV
EPSP and IPSP are tailed on _____
dendrites
Signals next to the ______ dissipate less and have greater effect
axon hillock
Electrical signal dissipates quickly due to lack of ____
myelin
EPSP
excitatory postsynaptic potentials
IPSP
inhibitory postsynaptic potentials
cone shaped area of the neuron soma that is the beginning of the axon
axon hillock
Area of summation of EPSPs and IPSPs
axon hillock
An all-or-none electrical response triggered at the axon hillock; Generated by volage-gated sodium and potassium channels
action potential
Channels that have fired behind the action potential are now in a ______period
refractory
If Na+ pumps are still open, ______will be closed
K+
what channels set the resting membrane potential
Na+/K+ ATP channels
The inner cell membrane is negatively charged and when the negative charge decreases the ______ opens
channel
Increased velocity with increased diameter of the axon
continuous conduction
Requires increased axonal volume for ionic flow
continuous conduction
An increased velocity with myelination of the axon
saltatory conduction
Concentration of voltage-gated channels at nodes of Ranvier
saltatory conduction
faster at smaller diameters
saltatory conduction
nerve fiber that carries proprioception and is myelinated; largest; fastest
A-alpha
nerve fiber that carries touch; myelinated; large; fast
A-beta
nerve fiber that carries pain; myelinated; medium; pretty fast
A-delta
small, unmyelinated fibers that deal with chronic pain; slowest
C fibers
myelinated
unmyelinated (C fiber)
on spinal cord, dorsal end deals with
sensory
on spinal cord, ventral end deals with
motor
pt with arthritis still having aches and pain; what type of cell is responsible for their pain
C fibers
toxins and drugs can block ___
NMJ
neurotransmitter involved in fight or flight; increases heart rate and blood flow
adrenaline (epinephrine)
neurotransmitter involved in concentration; contracts blood vessels
noradrenaline (NE)
neurotransmitter involved with pleasure, addiction, motivation (people repeat behaviors that lead to this release)
dopamine
neurotransmitter that contributes to well being and happiness; sleep and digestive regulation; affected by exercise and light exposure
serotonin
neurotransmitter that calms firing nerves in the CNS; low levels of this cause anxiety; high levels improve focus; contributes to motor control and vision (also inhibited by tetanus toxin)
GABA
neurotransmitter involved in thought, learning, and memory; activates muscle action in the body; attention and awakening
acetylcholine
most common neurotransmitter; learning and memory; regulates development and creation of nerve contacts
glutamate
neurotransmitter involved in euphoria; released during exercise, excitement, and sex; producing well being and reduces pain
endorphins
NMDA receptor is a ______ receptor and the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain
Role in synaptic plasticity involved in memory formation
glutamate
An excitatory glutamate receptor on both pre and postsynaptic surfaces
AMPA receptor
major inhibitory receptors
Ligand-gated
GABA and glycine
3 major causes of neurotransmitter imbalance
nutrition
lifestyle choices
increased stress
what cut
horizontal (know this cut)
where our personality is
inferior frontal lobe
Most medial component of temporal lobe; houses hippocampus (short term memory)
parahippocampal gyrus
attaches emotions to thoughts
amygdala
amygdala firing but without prefrontal cortex lighting up
irritability= amygdala out of control
harder to learn
memory loss
no sleep
how are we having plasticity (developing new memories and learning more)
dendrites form more extensions
inhibits ACh release; binds SNAP-25 and syntaxin
botulinum toxin
Neurotoxin that blocks the pores of voltage-gated sodium (Na+) channels; stops action potentials (paralyzes diaphragm)
Tetrodotoxin
just had dinner and now cant feel my mouth or tongue, difficulty breathing (ate sushi) OR went diving and ran into specific octopus
Tetrodotoxin
Neurotoxin that blocks the pores of voltage-gated potassium (K+) channels; increases ACh release (death due to resp. paralysis)
Dendrotoxin
the majority of snake venom neurotoxic peptides ________ bind to nicotinic Ach receptor; prevent Ach from forming a pore and allowing cations to pass through
competitively
a smaller group of snake neurotoxins target the _______ receptors found in the CNS; these receptors are involved in HR, force, contraction of smooth muscles and release of neurotransmitters
muscarinic
Neurotoxin that blocks voltage-gated sodium and potassium channels; in this order pain, resp, digestive issues, coma
Scorpion toxin
neurotoxin that blocks Ca2+ channels!!!
Older houses, lead pipes, dirt (kids eating dirt in midtown)
Lead
these act through Ach channels and are made of organophosphates/pesticides
nerve agents
nerve agents target and inhibit ____ (leading to SLUDGE)
AchE
antidote to nerve gas poisoning/organophosphate poisoning
Atropine
reversibly binds to muscarinic Ach receptors where it blocks action of Ach and treats SLUDGE syndrome
Atropine
CSF
w/ low glucose
bacterial meningitis
CSF
w/ normal glucose
viral meningitis
CSF
w/ low glucose
fungal meningitis
CSF
w/ low glucose
TB meningitis
