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EoSC Spring Semester > Soil Science Q1 > Flashcards

Soil Science Q1 Flashcards

1
Q

Biopore

A

Pore space created by organic matter

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2
Q

Macropore

A

Pore that is >0.8 mm
Usually filled with air

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3
Q

Soil Taxonomy

A

The science of classifying soil based on profile characteristics and best use

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4
Q

What are the levels of soil taxonomy?

A

Order, suborder, great group, subgroup, family, series

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5
Q

Mircopore

A

Pore that is <0.8 mm
Usually filled w/ water, as it’s too small for air
Slows water and air movement

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6
Q

Porosity

A

Percent of a soil sample that is pore space

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7
Q

Does pore space increase or decrease deeper in soil?
How does the air:water ratio change?

A

Pore space decreases
More water and less air

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8
Q

Soil Mulch

A

Shallow tillage of the soil to reduce evaporation and maintain nitrogen levels
Only useful with shallow water tables

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9
Q

Fallow

A

Land that is left uncultivated for a growing season to build water stores in soil

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10
Q

Tillage

A

Mechanical stirring of the soil (usually topsoil) to increase plant growth

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11
Q

Soil Tilth

A

Physical condition of soil as it relates to tillage and plant production

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12
Q

What 8
factors affect soil tilth?

A

structure, texture, organic matter, bulk density, pore space, aeration, water content, nutrient content

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13
Q

Bulk Density

A

Mass of a unit of dry soil (physical content and pore space, but no water)

Dry soil mass (g)/volume (cm^3)

High bulk density makes tillage and root growth difficult

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14
Q

What three things does soil structure affect?

A

Water/air movement, plant growth, and heat transfer

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15
Q

What are the two types of structureless soils?

A

Massive and single grain

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16
Q

Percolation

A

Downward movement of water through soil

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17
Q

How many soil texture classes are there?

A

12

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18
Q

Coarse Fragments

A

Any particle larger than 2mm
Not considered part of the soil

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19
Q

Ped/Agregate

A

A shape of soil structure

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20
Q

What are the six soil structures?

A
  • Granular
  • Platy
  • Angular blocky
  • Sub-angular blocky
  • Prismatic
  • Columnar
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21
Q

Diagnostic horizon

A

The presence or absence of a soil horizon

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22
Q

Epipidon

A

A diagnostic horizon taken from the topsoil

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23
Q

Section

A

1 square mile, or 640 acres of land
1/36 of a township
Began measurement in NE corner and worked their way over and down, alternating E/W starting point with each row

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24
Q

What are the 12 orders of soil and the suffixes used for their suborders??

A

Alfisol (-alf)
Andisol (-and)
Aridisol (-id)
Entisol (-ent)
Gelisol (-el)
Histisol (-ist)
Inceptisol (-ept)
Mollisol (-oll)
Spodisol (-od)
Ultisol (-ult)
Vertisol (-ert)
Oxisol (-Ox)

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25
Q

Alfisol (-Alf)
(5 characteristics)

A

Soil order
-light in color
-moist
-shallow
-slightly acidic
- Vulnerable to erosion

Often found in deciduous forests

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26
Q

Andisol (-And)
(3 Characteristics)

A

Soil order
- Volcanic
- Young (5k-10k years old)
- Little profile development

Good for growing wheat
Commonly found in NW U.S., Hawaii, Alaska

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27
Q

Aridisol (-Id)
(2 Characteristics)

A

Soil Order
- Lacks moisture most of year
- Accumulations of calcium carbonite, gypsum, and sodium

Found in arid and semi-arid areas, esp. in Western U.S.

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28
Q

Entisol (-Ent)
(4 Characteristics)

A

Soil Order
- Little no no profile development
- Sandy
- Rock Close to surface
- Usually alluvial parent material

Commonly found in Rocky Mountains

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29
Q

Gelisol (-El)
(4 Characteristics)

A

Soil Order
- Layer of permafrost
- Young soil
- Little to no profile development
- Cryoturbation (movement from freezing/thawing)

Found in Alaska

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30
Q

Histisol (-Ist)
(1 characteristic)

A

Soil Order
- >20% organic matter

Very productive once drained
Found in wetlands, Florida, Canada, coast

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31
Q

Inceptisol (-Ept)
(3 characteristics)

A

Soil Order
- Begining profile development
- Close to parent material
- Clay accumulation

Found throughout U.S. , especially in the NE and Alaska

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32
Q

Mollisol (-Oll)
(3 Characteristics)

A

Soil Order
- Dark prairie soil
- Accumulations of organic matter and carbon
- Very fertile

Best soil for agriculture, commonly used to grow vegetables and flowers
Commonly found in the midwest, great plains, E Washington/Oregon, and N Illinois

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33
Q

Spodisol (-Od)
(4 Characeristics)

A

Soil Order
- Wet, acidic soil
- Presence of E horizon
- High organic matter content
- High iron oxide content

Not naturally fertile, but can be made so artificially
Found in cold, wet areas, coniferous forests, Canada and NE U.S.

34
Q

Ultisol (-Ult)
(4 characteristics)

A

Soil Order
- Older, more developed soil
- Acidic
- Few available plant nutrients
- Resistant to erosion

Can be productive, but requires lots of maintenance
Found in subtropical forests

35
Q

Vertisol (-Ert)
(4 characteristics)

A

Soil Order
- Swelling clay
- Dark in color
- Cracks when dry
- Sticky

Can be very fertile
Problem for engineers due to movement and stickiness
Found in semiarid and subhumid areas, warm places with long dry seasons

36
Q

Oxisol (-Ox)
(5 Characteristics)

A

Soil order
- Weathered
- High concentrations of iron oxide and aluminum oxide
- Moderately Acidic
- Resistant to erosion
- Not particularly fertile

Found in hot climates, such as Hawaii and Puerto Rico

37
Q

Most common orders of soil in Oklahoma

A

Mollisols
Ultisols
Alfisols

38
Q

What is the order soil horizons are found in?

A

O A B E C R

39
Q

O Horizon

A

Organic Matter on the top of the soil
(Optional layer)

40
Q

A Horizon

A

Topsoil, mix of minerals and organic matter
Most living things in soil found here

41
Q

E Horizon

A

Leached layer consisting of erosion-resistant sand and silt (e.g. sodium or quartz)
Often found in old soils and soil in forests
(Optional layer)

42
Q

B Horizon

A

Subsoil, mineral-rich soil, often composed of clay and heavily influenced by climate

43
Q

C Horizon

A

Young soil made of unconsolidated parent material

44
Q

R Horizon

A

Bedrock

45
Q

Parallels

A

Lines of Latitude

46
Q

Latitude parallels of the North and South poles

A

90* North Pole
-90* South Pole

47
Q

Meridians

A

Lines of Longitude

48
Q

Town Prime meridian passes through and why

A

Greenwich, England
Developed when England was a world power when Prime Meridian established, and Greenwich had an observatory

49
Q

Latitude of equator and longitude of prime meridian

A

0*

50
Q

Metes and Bounds system

A

Legal land description system developed by colonial-era Europe, based on physical characteristics of land

51
Q

Rectangular System

A

Modern land distribution system developed by U.S. public land survey
Divided land into equally-sided rectangles

52
Q

Principal Meridians used to divide Oklahoma via Rectangular System

A

Indian Meridian (Everything but panhandle)
Cimarron Meridian (Panhandle)

53
Q

Township

A

A 6mi X 6mi area of land
36 sq. miles

54
Q

Alluvial/Alluvium

A

Parent Material

Deposit of sediment left by fast-flowing water

55
Q

Lacustrine

A

Parent Material

Deposit of sediment left in the center of slow-moving water (e.g. lake)

56
Q

Colluvial/Colluvium

A

Parent Material

Sediment deposited by gravity

57
Q

Eolian

A

Parent Material

Sand deposited by wind erosion

58
Q

Loess

A

Parent Material

Silt deposited by wind erosion

59
Q

Quarter

A

160 acres,1/4 sq mi
one-quarter of a section

Can also be a quarter of a quarter, or 40 acres
Or a quarter of a quarter of a quarter, or 10 acres

It’s turtles all the way down

60
Q

Glacial Till

A

Parent Material

Sediment deposited by movement of glacial ice

Characterized by wide variety of sediment from many locations, as well as moraines (ridges)

61
Q

Glacial Outwash

A

Parent Material

Sediment deposited by melted glacier water

Highly stratified

62
Q

Residual/Residuum

A

Parent Material

Sediment found in the location formed

63
Q

Organic Deposits/Peat

A

Parent Material

Sediment formed by decomposed organic matter

64
Q

What are the nine parent materials?

A
  • Alluvium
  • Lacustrine
  • Colluvial
  • Glacial Till
  • Glacial Outwash
  • Eolian
  • Loess
  • Residuum
  • Organic Deposit
65
Q

Estimated global population by 2050

A

9.1 billion

66
Q

Estimated percentage by which food production will have to increase to maintain population by 2050

A

70%

67
Q

Soil Health

A

The fitness of soil for any of 3 different functions

  • medium for plant growth
  • environmental buffer
  • enhancing health of plants and animals
68
Q

Soil Quality

A

The capacity of a soil to function within its ecosystem boundaries to promote biological productivity and diversity

69
Q

Indicator

A

A property of soil that is used to assess soil health and soil quality

70
Q

What are the ten indicators used to rate soil?

A
  • Texture
  • Depth
  • Bulk density
  • Water holding capacity
  • Soil organic matter (SOM)
  • pH
  • Extractible nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium
  • Microbial biomass
  • Specific Respiration
  • Macroorganism quantity
71
Q

Ephemeral Indicator

A

An indicator that can be changed

72
Q

Intermediate Indicator

A

An indicator that can be slightly changed

73
Q

Permanent Indicator

A

An indicator that cannot be changed

74
Q

What six steps can we take to increase soil health?

A
  • Soil cover
  • Live root system
  • Grazing animals
  • Minimizing tillage
  • Biodiversity/crop rotation
  • Water management
75
Q

What three factors can cause soil health to continue to decline?

A
  • Population/economy demand
  • Extent of demand
  • Lack of global determination to stop environmental degredation
76
Q

Intensified Agroecosystems

A

Management systems that led to increased food production when the population exploded

77
Q

What were four benefits of intensified agroecosystems?

A
  • Increased plant production per sq. mile
  • Increased content of N, P, and K
  • Increased crop residue left in soil
  • Decreased pressure on fragile land
78
Q

What were seven drawbacks of intensified agroecosystems?

A
  • Nutrient deficiency
  • Excess nutrients
  • Decreased pH
  • Irrigation-induced salinization
  • Overapplication of chemical pesticides
  • Decreased biodiversity
  • Increased rate of plant disease
79
Q

The three types of soil texture

A
  • Sandy
  • Loamy
  • Clayey
80
Q

Munsel Color Book

A

A book used to precisely identify the color of soil

EoSC Spring Semester (13 decks)

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