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EoSC Spring Semester > Biology Q1 > Flashcards

Biology Q1 Flashcards

1
Q

Polymer

A

A large molecule consisting of many similar building blocks

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2
Q

Which of the macromolecules are polymers?

A

Carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids

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3
Q

Dehydration Reaction

A

Connecting of two molecules by removing H2O

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4
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Breaking down of a molecule by adding H2O

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5
Q

What is the purpose of carbohydrates?

A

Fuel and building material

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6
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Sugars and their polymers

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7
Q

Monosaccharides

A

The monomer for more complex carbohydrates

Usually composed of multiples of CH2O

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8
Q

Glucose

A

Simplest sugar, structure of a ring of carbon atoms

C6H12O6

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9
Q

Glycogen

A

A storage polysaccharide found in animals

Stored in liver and muscle cells before being turned into fat

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10
Q

Cellulose

A

Structural polysaccharides that give plants’ cell walls their rigidity

The more cellulose, the more rigid

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11
Q

What three organelles are only found in plants?

A

Chloroplast
Cell Wall
Central Vacuole

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12
Q

Disaccharide

A

Two monosaccharides that are combined via a glycosidic linkage

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13
Q

The only macromolecule that is not a polymer

A

Lipids

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14
Q

Primary characteristic of lipids

A

Hydrophobia due to nonpolar covalent bonds

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15
Q

Fats

A

lipids composed of a glycerol “head” and one or more fatty acid “tails”

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16
Q

Saturated fat

A

A fat that is solid at room temperature, due to high quantity of hydrogen atoms that cause fatty acid tails to be straight

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17
Q

Unsaturated fat

A

A fat that is liquid at room temperature due to a low quantity of hydrogen atoms causing fatty acid tails to be bent

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18
Q

The most common form of animal fat (saturated or unsaturated)

A

Saturated

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19
Q

Phospholipid

A

A lipid composed of a hydrophilic “head” and two hydrophobic “tails”

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20
Q

Purpose of phospholipids

A

Form membranes of organelles and the cell as a whole

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21
Q

Steroid

A

Carbon lipid composed of four fused rings
Provides structural support to the cell and acts as a chemical messenger

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22
Q

Percentage of most cells’ dry mass that is made up of protein

A

50%

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23
Q

Protein

A

Proteins - Biologically functional molecule that consists of one or more polypeptide

24
Q

Polypeptide

A

Unbranched polymers made of amino acids

25
Q

Number of amino acids

A

20

26
Q

8 Types of proteins (categorized by function)

A
  • Enzymatic proteins
  • Storage Proteins
  • Transport Proteins
  • Defensive proteins
  • Hormonal proteins
  • Receptor proteins
  • Contractile/Motor proteins
  • Structural proteins
27
Q

The two types of nucleic acid

A

DNA and RNA

28
Q

4 monomers of nucleic acid

A

Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Uracil

29
Q

Prokaryotic Cells

A

Cells without defined organelles aside from ribosomes

  • DNA is free-floating
    -Smaller than Eukaryotic cells
  • Only forms single-cell organisms
30
Q

Eukaryotic Cells

A

Cells with defined organelles

  • DNA is contained in the nucleus
  • Larger that prokaryotic cells
  • Often part of a multicellular organism
31
Q

Domain

A

Biological taxonomy level above Kingdom

32
Q

The two domains that contain prokaryotic cells

A

Domain Bacteria
Domain Archaea

33
Q

The domain that contains eukaryotic cells

A

Domain Eukaria

34
Q

Steroid that provides cell membrane with flexibility

A

Cholesterol

35
Q

Portion of the nucleus that surrounds and protects the DNA

A

Nuclear Envelope

36
Q

Nuclear Pores

A

Holes through which RNA can exit the nucleus

37
Q

Ribosome

A

Organelle that uses RNA to produce proteins, then deposits the proteins into the rough endoplasmic reticulum

38
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Organelle that adds additional branches to synthesized proteins before ending to the golgi aparatus

Called “rough” due to presence of embedded ribosomes
Surrounds nucleus

39
Q

Golgi Aparatus

A

Organelle that provides final modifications to protein before sending it where it is needed

40
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Organelle that creates lipids and removes toxins

Called “smooth” due to lack of embeded ribosomes

41
Q

Lysosome

A

Organelle that breaks down large molecules, destroys old or damaged organelles, and removes waste from the cell

42
Q

Mitochondria

A

Organelle that forms ATP, the primary molecule used for energy by the body

The “powerhouse” of the cell

43
Q

Chloroplast

A

Organelle that performs photosynthesis in plants

44
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

A network of protein filaments that provides shape and structure to the cell and allows for movement (not an organelle)

45
Q

Central Vacuole

A

An organelle in plant cells that is empty pocket, used to store materials or toxins

46
Q

Cell Wall

A

A rigid organelle found in plant cells that surrounds the cell membrane

47
Q

What three organelles are exclusive to plants?

A

Chloroplast
Cell Wall
Central Vacuole

48
Q

Tonicity

A

The tendency of a cell to gain or lose water via osmosis based on particle concentration of surrounding fluid

49
Q

Valence Electrons

A

Electrons in the outermost shell of the atom

Determines the behavior of the atom

50
Q

Ion

A

An atom with a charge
Caused by an unequal number of protons and electrons

51
Q

Maximum number of electrons per shell

A

2 in innermost shell, 8 in each shell after

each shell must be filled completely before the next shell can be made

52
Q

Electronegativity

A

Tendency of atoms with an incomplete outer shell to attract electrons to complete their outer shell

53
Q

Covalent Bond

A

Bonding of two or more atoms by sharing of valence electrons

Forms a molecule

54
Q

Nonpolar covalent bond

A

A covalent bond in which electrons are shared equally, resulting in neither atom having a charge

55
Q

Polar covalent bond

A

a covalent bond in which the electrons are shared unequally, resulting in one atom having a positive charge and one having a negative charge

56
Q

Cation

A

A positively-charged atom/ion
(memory aid: The “t” in “cat” looks like a +)

57
Q

Anion

A

A negatively-charged atom/ion
(memory aid: “an” is part of “anti”)

EoSC Spring Semester (13 decks)

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