Biology Q1 Flashcards
Polymer
A large molecule consisting of many similar building blocks
Which of the macromolecules are polymers?
Carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids
Dehydration Reaction
Connecting of two molecules by removing H2O
Hydrolysis
Breaking down of a molecule by adding H2O
What is the purpose of carbohydrates?
Fuel and building material
Carbohydrates
Sugars and their polymers
Monosaccharides
The monomer for more complex carbohydrates
Usually composed of multiples of CH2O
Glucose
Simplest sugar, structure of a ring of carbon atoms
C6H12O6
Glycogen
A storage polysaccharide found in animals
Stored in liver and muscle cells before being turned into fat
Cellulose
Structural polysaccharides that give plants’ cell walls their rigidity
The more cellulose, the more rigid
What three organelles are only found in plants?
Chloroplast
Cell Wall
Central Vacuole
Disaccharide
Two monosaccharides that are combined via a glycosidic linkage
The only macromolecule that is not a polymer
Lipids
Primary characteristic of lipids
Hydrophobia due to nonpolar covalent bonds
Fats
lipids composed of a glycerol “head” and one or more fatty acid “tails”
Saturated fat
A fat that is solid at room temperature, due to high quantity of hydrogen atoms that cause fatty acid tails to be straight
Unsaturated fat
A fat that is liquid at room temperature due to a low quantity of hydrogen atoms causing fatty acid tails to be bent
The most common form of animal fat (saturated or unsaturated)
Saturated
Phospholipid
A lipid composed of a hydrophilic “head” and two hydrophobic “tails”
Purpose of phospholipids
Form membranes of organelles and the cell as a whole
Steroid
Carbon lipid composed of four fused rings
Provides structural support to the cell and acts as a chemical messenger
Percentage of most cells’ dry mass that is made up of protein
50%
Protein
Proteins - Biologically functional molecule that consists of one or more polypeptide
Polypeptide
Unbranched polymers made of amino acids
Number of amino acids
20
8 Types of proteins (categorized by function)
- Enzymatic proteins
- Storage Proteins
- Transport Proteins
- Defensive proteins
- Hormonal proteins
- Receptor proteins
- Contractile/Motor proteins
- Structural proteins
The two types of nucleic acid
DNA and RNA
4 monomers of nucleic acid
Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Uracil
Prokaryotic Cells
Cells without defined organelles aside from ribosomes
- DNA is free-floating
-Smaller than Eukaryotic cells - Only forms single-cell organisms
Eukaryotic Cells
Cells with defined organelles
- DNA is contained in the nucleus
- Larger that prokaryotic cells
- Often part of a multicellular organism
Domain
Biological taxonomy level above Kingdom
The two domains that contain prokaryotic cells
Domain Bacteria
Domain Archaea
The domain that contains eukaryotic cells
Domain Eukaria
Steroid that provides cell membrane with flexibility
Cholesterol
Portion of the nucleus that surrounds and protects the DNA
Nuclear Envelope
Nuclear Pores
Holes through which RNA can exit the nucleus
Ribosome
Organelle that uses RNA to produce proteins, then deposits the proteins into the rough endoplasmic reticulum
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Organelle that adds additional branches to synthesized proteins before ending to the golgi aparatus
Called “rough” due to presence of embedded ribosomes
Surrounds nucleus
Golgi Aparatus
Organelle that provides final modifications to protein before sending it where it is needed
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Organelle that creates lipids and removes toxins
Called “smooth” due to lack of embeded ribosomes
Lysosome
Organelle that breaks down large molecules, destroys old or damaged organelles, and removes waste from the cell
Mitochondria
Organelle that forms ATP, the primary molecule used for energy by the body
The “powerhouse” of the cell
Chloroplast
Organelle that performs photosynthesis in plants
Cytoskeleton
A network of protein filaments that provides shape and structure to the cell and allows for movement (not an organelle)
Central Vacuole
An organelle in plant cells that is empty pocket, used to store materials or toxins
Cell Wall
A rigid organelle found in plant cells that surrounds the cell membrane
What three organelles are exclusive to plants?
Chloroplast
Cell Wall
Central Vacuole
Tonicity
The tendency of a cell to gain or lose water via osmosis based on particle concentration of surrounding fluid
Valence Electrons
Electrons in the outermost shell of the atom
Determines the behavior of the atom
Ion
An atom with a charge
Caused by an unequal number of protons and electrons
Maximum number of electrons per shell
2 in innermost shell, 8 in each shell after
each shell must be filled completely before the next shell can be made
Electronegativity
Tendency of atoms with an incomplete outer shell to attract electrons to complete their outer shell
Covalent Bond
Bonding of two or more atoms by sharing of valence electrons
Forms a molecule
Nonpolar covalent bond
A covalent bond in which electrons are shared equally, resulting in neither atom having a charge
Polar covalent bond
a covalent bond in which the electrons are shared unequally, resulting in one atom having a positive charge and one having a negative charge
Cation
A positively-charged atom/ion
(memory aid: The “t” in “cat” looks like a +)
Anion
A negatively-charged atom/ion
(memory aid: “an” is part of “anti”)
