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EoSC Spring Semester > Biology Q3 > Flashcards

Biology Q3 Flashcards

1
Q

Chromatin

A

A complex of DNA and protein found within all animal cells

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2
Q

Somatic Cell / Diploid Cell

A

A cell not involved in sexual reproduction and containing haploid pairs of chromosomes

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3
Q

Gamete / Haploid cell

A

A cell used for sexual reproduction and containing only one set of chromosomes

Sperm and eggs

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4
Q

Chromasome

A

A long DNA structure containing genetic information

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5
Q

Chromatid

A

One half of a duplicated chromosome, still attached to another chromatid

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6
Q

Centromere

A

The point of connection of two chromosomes

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7
Q

Mitosis

A

The process by which somatic cells reproduce

Making a genetically identical cell

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8
Q

The five phases of mitosis (PMAT)

A

Prophase (+Prometaphase)
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

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9
Q

Interphase

A

The time period when mitosis/meiosis is not occurring

Replication of chromatids also occurs during this time

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10
Q

Prophase (Mitosis)

A

The first phase of mitosis

Centromeres condense into visible chromosomes (which have already been replicated into chromatids), spindle fibers begin to form

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11
Q

Prometaphase

A

The 1.5 phase of mitosis

The nuclear envelope dissolves, proteins form around the centromere (Sometimes considered part of prophase)

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12
Q

Metaphase

A

The 2nd phase of mitosis

The chromosomes line up in the center of the cell

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13
Q

Anaphase

A

The 3rd phase of mitosis

Spindle fibers pull chromatids apart towards separate poles of the cells

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14
Q

Telophase

A

4th and final phase of mitosis

The cell itself splits in two

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15
Q

How long does mitosis usually take?

A

48 hours

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16
Q

Binary Fission

A

The process of cellular reproduction in prokaryotes

Much faster than mitosis

17
Q

Homologous Pairs

A

Corresponding pairs of chromosomes

Have the same genes in the same order, but may have different alleles

18
Q

How many chromosomes do human somatic cells contain? How may pairs?

A

46 chromosomes
23 pairs

19
Q

Locus

A

The location of a specific gene in the chromosome

20
Q

What are the 3 means used to create increased genetic diversity during sexual reproduction?

A

Crossing Over
Random Assortment of Chromosomes
Random Fertilization

21
Q

Crossing Over

A

The processes by which homologous pairs of chromosomes swap some alleles during prophase 1 of meiosis

22
Q

Random Assortment of Chromosomes

A

The randomization of which of a homologous pair of chromosomes goes to which gamete during meiosis

23
Q

Random Fertilization

A

The randomization of which sperm will fertilize the egg during fertilization (i.e. the randomization of which setup chromosomes actually fertilizes the egg)

24
Q

Trait Vs. Character

A

Trait is a characteristic that is determined by DNA (e.g. hair color)
Character is a possible variant of the trait (e.g. black or blond hair)

25
Q

Phenotype

A

Physical manifestation of the genotype (e.g. a character)

26
Q

Genotype / aAllele

A

The DNA makeup for a specific trait

27
Q

True Breeding

A

Breeding for a specific trait

28
Q

Law of separation

A

Alleles separate during meiosis

29
Q

What two the properties of genetics discovered by Gregor Mendel?

A
  • Both parents pass their DNA on to their offspring
  • DNA contains dominant and recessive traits
30
Q

True Breeding

A

Two parents will always produce a certain phenotype in their offspring

31
Q

Test-Cross

A

Breeding an organism with an unknown genotype with an organism with a known homozygous recessive genotype

Determines genotype of subject organism by assessing the phenotypes of offspring

32
Q

Monohybrid

A

An organism that is heterozygous in 1 genotype

33
Q

Dihybrid

A

An organism that is heterozygous in 2 genotypes

34
Q

Monohybrid Cross
Dihybrid Cross

A

Breeding monohybrid organisms together

Breeding dihybrid organisms together

35
Q

Complete Dominance

A

Phenotype of heterozygous genotype is the same as the phenotype of homozygous genotype

36
Q

Incomplete Dominance

A

Phenotype of heterozygous gene is a intermideate of dominant and recessive phenotypes

37
Q

Codominacne

A

Phenotype of heterozygous gene includes both dominant and recessive characteristics

38
Q

What are the benefits and drawbacks of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction

A

+ Increased genetic diversity
- Requires a second organism
- Requires more energy

EoSC Spring Semester (13 decks)

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