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EoSC Spring Semester > Biology Q2 > Flashcards

Biology Q2 Flashcards

1
Q

Catabolism

A

The breakdown of matter

(Memory aid: cats like to break things)

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2
Q

Cellular Respiration

A

Breakdown of carbohydrates into energy

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3
Q

Aerobic Respiration

A

Breakdown of glucose into energy using O2

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4
Q

Anaerobic Respiration / Fermentation

A

Partial breakdown of glucose into energy without O2

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5
Q

What is the chemical reaction for aerobic respiration?

A

C6H12O2+6 O2 -> 6 CO2+6 H2O+ENERGY (ATP+HEAT)

One glucose combines with six oxygen to create 6 carbon dioxide, 6 water, and energy (in the form of ATP and heat)

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6
Q

Redox Reaction

A

A chemical reaction in which electrons are gained or lost

Further divided into oxidation and reduction reactions

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7
Q

Oxidation

A

An atom/molecule loses an electron, becoming oxidized

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8
Q

Reduction

A

An atom/molecule gains an electron, becoming reduced (as its charge becomes more negative)

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9
Q

During cellular respiration, which molecule is oxidized and which is reduced?

A

Glucose (C6H12O6) is oxidized (loses an electron)

O2 is reduced (gains an electron)

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10
Q

NAC+

A

A high-energy coenzyme that receives electrons to become NACH

(saddlebags are empty)

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11
Q

NACH

A

A high-energy coenzyme that releases electrons to become NAC+

(saddlebags are full)

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12
Q

What are the three steps of cellular respiration, in order?

A
  • Glycolysis
  • Citric Acid Cycle/Krebs Cycle
  • ATP Synthesis
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13
Q

Pyruvate

A

A chemical made from approx. 1/2 of a glucose molecule, produced during glycolysis

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14
Q

Glycolysis

A

First step of cellular respiration

Breakdown of glucose into two pyruvate

Occurs in the cytoplasm

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15
Q

How much ATP does glycolysis use, and how much is produced?

A

Uses 2 ATP
Creates 4 ATP

Net gain of 2 ATP

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16
Q

What substance is needed for pyruvate to enter the mitochondria?

A

O2

17
Q

Citric Acid Cycle/Krebs Cycle

A

Second step of cellular respiration

Breakdown of pyruvate into even smaller pieces

Combines pyruvate and coenzyme A (CoA) to create acetyl CoA, Co2, H+, and ATP

18
Q

ATP Synthesis

Do not confuse w/ ATP Synthase

A

The final step of cellular respiration

Uses electron transport chain and ATP synthase to create H2O and ATP

19
Q

Electron Transport Chain

A

A series of proteins that transport electrons along the membrane of the mitochondria or thylakoid, in order to combine hydrogen ions and oxygen atoms into water

20
Q

Enzyme

A

A protein that facilitates a chemical reaction

21
Q

ATP Synthase

Not to be confused with ATP synthesis

A

A protein embedded in the membrane of the mitochondria or thylakoid

Hydrogen ions move across it, powering it like a turbine/waterwheel to combine ADP and P into ATP

22
Q

Two types of fermentation

A

Alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation

23
Q

The two phases of photosynthesis

A
  • Light Reaction
  • Calvin Cycle
24
Q

Exergonic Reaction

A

A reaction in which energy is released

25
Q

Anabolic Reaction

A

A reaction that combines/build molecules

26
Q

Photosynthesis

A

The process of converting sunlight energy into glucose

27
Q

Autotroph

A

A producer

An organism that creates its own energy to sustain itself, rather than consuming other organisms

28
Q

Heterotroph

A

A consumer’

An organism that consumes other organisms to sustain itself

29
Q

Chlorophyll

A

The green pigment inside the chlorplast, used to absorb indigo, violet, blue, red, orange light

30
Q

Thylakoid

A

Sacs inside the chloroplast, where the light reaction takes place

31
Q

Stroma

A

The fluid matrix inside the chlorplast but surrounding the thylakoids, where part of the calvin cycle takes place

32
Q

What is the chemical reaction of photosynthesis

A

6 CO2 + 12 H2O + Light Energy -> C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2O

33
Q

Does light act like a particle or a ray?

A

Both

34
Q

Photon

A

A light particle

35
Q

Light Reaction

A

The first step of photosynthesis

Light hits the photreceptors, causing them to break down H2O into O2, H+, and electrons. The elctrons are caried via the electron transport chain to create NAPDH. Meanwhile, ATP synthase creates ATP.

36
Q

Calvin Cycle

A

The second stage of photosynthesis

ATP, CO2, and NADPH combine to create glucose

37
Q

NAPD+
NAPDH

A

A high-energy molecule used in photosynthesis by carrying H+

The plant equivalent of NAD+ and NADH

EoSC Spring Semester (13 decks)

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