Biology Q2 Flashcards
Catabolism
The breakdown of matter
(Memory aid: cats like to break things)
Cellular Respiration
Breakdown of carbohydrates into energy
Aerobic Respiration
Breakdown of glucose into energy using O2
Anaerobic Respiration / Fermentation
Partial breakdown of glucose into energy without O2
What is the chemical reaction for aerobic respiration?
C6H12O2+6 O2 -> 6 CO2+6 H2O+ENERGY (ATP+HEAT)
One glucose combines with six oxygen to create 6 carbon dioxide, 6 water, and energy (in the form of ATP and heat)
Redox Reaction
A chemical reaction in which electrons are gained or lost
Further divided into oxidation and reduction reactions
Oxidation
An atom/molecule loses an electron, becoming oxidized
Reduction
An atom/molecule gains an electron, becoming reduced (as its charge becomes more negative)
During cellular respiration, which molecule is oxidized and which is reduced?
Glucose (C6H12O6) is oxidized (loses an electron)
O2 is reduced (gains an electron)
NAC+
A high-energy coenzyme that receives electrons to become NACH
(saddlebags are empty)
NACH
A high-energy coenzyme that releases electrons to become NAC+
(saddlebags are full)
What are the three steps of cellular respiration, in order?
- Glycolysis
- Citric Acid Cycle/Krebs Cycle
- ATP Synthesis
Pyruvate
A chemical made from approx. 1/2 of a glucose molecule, produced during glycolysis
Glycolysis
First step of cellular respiration
Breakdown of glucose into two pyruvate
Occurs in the cytoplasm
How much ATP does glycolysis use, and how much is produced?
Uses 2 ATP
Creates 4 ATP
Net gain of 2 ATP
What substance is needed for pyruvate to enter the mitochondria?
O2
Citric Acid Cycle/Krebs Cycle
Second step of cellular respiration
Breakdown of pyruvate into even smaller pieces
Combines pyruvate and coenzyme A (CoA) to create acetyl CoA, Co2, H+, and ATP
ATP Synthesis
Do not confuse w/ ATP Synthase
The final step of cellular respiration
Uses electron transport chain and ATP synthase to create H2O and ATP
Electron Transport Chain
A series of proteins that transport electrons along the membrane of the mitochondria or thylakoid, in order to combine hydrogen ions and oxygen atoms into water
Enzyme
A protein that facilitates a chemical reaction
ATP Synthase
Not to be confused with ATP synthesis
A protein embedded in the membrane of the mitochondria or thylakoid
Hydrogen ions move across it, powering it like a turbine/waterwheel to combine ADP and P into ATP
Two types of fermentation
Alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation
The two phases of photosynthesis
- Light Reaction
- Calvin Cycle
Exergonic Reaction
A reaction in which energy is released
Anabolic Reaction
A reaction that combines/build molecules
Photosynthesis
The process of converting sunlight energy into glucose
Autotroph
A producer
An organism that creates its own energy to sustain itself, rather than consuming other organisms
Heterotroph
A consumer’
An organism that consumes other organisms to sustain itself
Chlorophyll
The green pigment inside the chlorplast, used to absorb indigo, violet, blue, red, orange light
Thylakoid
Sacs inside the chloroplast, where the light reaction takes place
Stroma
The fluid matrix inside the chlorplast but surrounding the thylakoids, where part of the calvin cycle takes place
What is the chemical reaction of photosynthesis
6 CO2 + 12 H2O + Light Energy -> C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2O
Does light act like a particle or a ray?
Both
Photon
A light particle
Light Reaction
The first step of photosynthesis
Light hits the photreceptors, causing them to break down H2O into O2, H+, and electrons. The elctrons are caried via the electron transport chain to create NAPDH. Meanwhile, ATP synthase creates ATP.
Calvin Cycle
The second stage of photosynthesis
ATP, CO2, and NADPH combine to create glucose
NAPD+
NAPDH
A high-energy molecule used in photosynthesis by carrying H+
The plant equivalent of NAD+ and NADH
