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EoSC Spring Semester > Biology Q4 > Flashcards

Biology Q4 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 types of natural selection?

A
  • Directional Selection - Favors one extreme characteristic
  • Stabilizing selection - Favors moderate characteristic
  • Disruptive selection - Favors multiple extreme characteristics (causes new species development)
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2
Q

Species

A

A population that will not interbreed with other species under natural circumstances

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3
Q

Allopatric Speciation

A

Speceis formation initiated by geographic separation

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4
Q

Sympatric Speciation

A

Species formation initiated without geographic separation

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5
Q

Evolution

A

Genetic change over time

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6
Q

How many mass extinction events have occurred? What was the most recent?

A

5 mass extinction events

Dinosaur extinction most recent

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7
Q

5 Types of Selection Pressures

A
  • Competition for food
  • Competition for mates
  • Predation
  • Environmental changes
  • Parasites
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8
Q

What are the four basic principles of evolution?

A
  • Variation (different members of the same species have different characteristics)
  • Heritability (Traits are passed down from parent to child)
  • Differential Reproductive Success (Organisms with traits better suited to their environment have more offspring)
  • 99.9% of all species are extinct
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9
Q

What percent of cells in the human body are nonhuman?

A

90%

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10
Q

Plasmid

A

A circular DNA molecule

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11
Q

3 types of plasmid

A
  • Metabolic Plasmid
  • Resistance Plasmid
  • Virulence Plasmid
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12
Q

What are the 3 ways antibiotic systems destroy pathogens?

A
  • Inhibiting cell wall synthesis
  • Inhibiting protein synthesis
  • Inhibiting DNA production
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13
Q

How are bacteria classified?

A

By their shape

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14
Q

What are the 3 ways bacteria perform genetic exchange?

A
  • Conjugation (transfer directly from 1 bacteria to another)
  • Transduction (Transfer via viruses)
  • Transformation (release of genetic information from a burst bacterium)
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15
Q

3 Examples of non-vascular plants

A
  • Mosses
  • Liverwort
  • Hornwart
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16
Q

2 divisions of vascular plants

A
  • Seeded
  • Seedless
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17
Q

How archaea differ from bacteria (2 ways)

A
  • Chemical composition of cell wall, flagella, plasma membrane
  • DNA sequence
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18
Q

What sort of environments to archaea thrive in?

A

Those too extreme for most other organisms

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19
Q

2 factors that separate protists from bacteria and archaea

A
  • Larger size (still usually single cell though)
  • Eukaryotic
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20
Q

3 Varieties of protists

A
  • Animal-like (move and hunt for prey)
  • Plant-like (photosynthesize)
  • Fungus-like (heterotrophs that form sheet-like colonies)
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21
Q

Slime Molds

A

Fungus-like protists

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22
Q

Structure of a virus

A
  • Capsid and plasma membrane containing genetic material (DNA or RNA)
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23
Q

How do viruses reproduce?

A
  • Inject genetic material into a living cell
  • Viral genetic material copies itself
  • Uses host’s ribosomes, etc, to produce new proteins
  • Proteins are ejected from host, assembled into new virus
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24
Q

Why do RNA viruses evolve more quickly than DNA viruses

A

DNA replication has an “error checking” enzyme that prevents many mutations

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25
Q

What determines which cells a virus can invade?

A

Glycoproteins on the outside of the virus

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26
Q

Xylem

Phloem

A

Plant veins that carry water an minerals upwards

Plant veins that carry metabolic products downwards

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27
Q

How do xylem transport substances upwards?

A

Evaporation causes water to move upwards due to adhesion, assisted by lignin in water-transporting molecules

28
Q

What was the major change pollination made to plant reproduction

A

Loss of reliance on water, instead using wind and animals for pollen movement

29
Q

Bryophyte

A

Another term for nonvascular plant

30
Q

Seed

A

A plant embryo surrounded by a protective coat

31
Q

2 classifications of seed plants

A

Gymnosperms (non-flowering, “naked-seed”, e.g. conifers)

Angiosperms (flowering)

32
Q

Describe reproduction of mosses

A
  • Sporophyte released spores
  • spores become gametophytes (haploids w/ one gender or another, “normal” moss)
  • Sperm from male gametophyte travels to female gametophyte via water
  • fertilized embryo creates sporophyte
33
Q

2 differences between monocots and dicots

A
  • Monocots have 1 cotyledon, while dicots have 2
  • Monocots have parallell veins, while dicots have netlike veins
34
Q

3 characteristics of living vascular plants

A
  • Life cycle composed mainly of sporophytes
  • Presence of Xylem/Phloem
  • Well-developed roots and leaves
35
Q

Describe the life cycle of a fern

A
  • A fern develops spores inside of sporangia
  • Spores are released and become gametophytes
  • Sperm from gametophytes are transported to eggs via water
  • A sporophyte is formed
36
Q

What type of plants are the most diverse?

A

Angiosperms

37
Q

When did angiosperms begin to replace gymnosperms?

A

End of the Mesozoic

38
Q

Stamen

A

The male portion of a flower, consists of anther and filament

39
Q

Carpel

A

The female portion of the flower
Consists of the stigma (top), style (stalk), and ovary

40
Q

Three key characteristics of animals

A
  • All are capable of locomotion
  • All are heterotrophs
  • All are multicellular
41
Q

4 criteria by which animals are divided?

A
  • Does the animal have specialized cells that form tissues?
  • Does the animal have radial or bilateral symmetry?
  • Does the GI tract develop back-to-front or front-to-back?
  • Continuous growth or molting?
42
Q

Protostomes

A

Animals whose GI tracts are developed front-to-back

(Flat worms, arthropods, mollusks etc.)

43
Q

Deutrostomes

A

Animals whose GI tracts are developed back-to-front

(Vertebrates and echidnoderms)

44
Q

4 characteristics of sponges

A
  • No organs or specialized cells
  • Body consists of hollow tube with pores in its wall
  • Filter feeders
  • Larvae are free-swimming, adults are sessile
45
Q

2 Characteristics of Cnidarians

A
  • Radial symmetry
  • Tentacles lined with stinging cnidocytes, used to paralyze prey
  • Alternating generations of sessile polyps and free-floating medusae
  • Can reproduce sexually and asexually
46
Q

3 Major groups of cnidarians

A
  • Corals
  • Sea anemones
  • Jellyfishes
47
Q

3 most diverse animal phyla

A

3 - Nematoda (roundworms)
2 - Mollusca
1 - Arthropoda

48
Q

4 Characteristics of Flatworms

A
  • Well-defined head and tail regions
  • Hermaphroditic
  • Can reproduce sexually or asexually
  • Some have single body opening that acts as both mouth and anus
49
Q

5 Characteristics of roundworms

A
  • Long, narrow unsegmented body
  • Bilateral symmetry
  • Surrounded by strong, flexible cuticle
  • Must molt to grow
  • Full GI tract, protostomes
50
Q

1 Characteristic of Annelids

A
  • Segmented worms
51
Q

3 Categories of Annelids/segmented worms

A
  • Marine polychaetes
  • Earthworms
  • Leeches
52
Q

Polychaetes

A

Marine segmented worms, “may bristles”

53
Q

3 types of mollusks

A
  • Gastropods
  • Bivalves
  • Cephalopods
54
Q

4 characteristics of arthropods

A
  • Segmented body
  • Chitin exoskeleton
  • Jointed appendages
  • Protostomes
55
Q

4 types of arthropods

A
  • Insects
  • Arachnids
  • Crustaceans
  • Millipedes/centipedes
56
Q

Earliest (evolutionarily) creatures able to fly

A

Insects

57
Q

4 Types of Echinoderms

A
  • Sea Stasr/sand dollars
  • Sea Urchins
  • Sea cucumbers
58
Q

4 characteristics of echidnoderms

A
  • Enclosed by hard skeleton under spiny skin
  • Larvae are bilaterally symmetrical and share anatomy features with chordates
  • Adults are radially symmetrical
  • Undersides covered in tube feet
59
Q

4 common structures of chordates

A
  • Notochord
  • Dorsal hollow nerve cord
  • Pharyngeal slits
  • Post-Anal tails
60
Q

Notochord

A

A rod of tissue extending from the head to the tails

Kept throughout life in simpler vertebrates, but replaced by backbone in more complex chordates

61
Q

Pharyngeal Slits

A

Gill-like slits in neck

Disappear during development in many chordates

62
Q

2 evolutionary changes in mammals that led to endothermy

A
  • Longer legs increased locomotion, which increases cellular respiration and thus more heat
  • Hair allows for heat to be trapped and used for temperature regulations
63
Q

3 categories of mammals

A
  • Monotremes (platypus and echidna)
  • Marsupial
  • Placental mammal
64
Q

How long does it take for one E. Coli bacterium to become 20 million?

A

12 hours

65
Q

Chermorganotrophs

A

Bacteria that feed on organic matter

66
Q

Chemolithotropes

A

Bacteria that feed on nonorganic matter

EoSC Spring Semester (13 decks)

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