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EoSC Spring Semester > Soil Science Lessons 5-9 > Flashcards

Soil Science Lessons 5-9 Flashcards

1
Q

How many elements are necessary for plant life?

A

16
18 for grasses/range plants

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2
Q

4 Attributes of Plant Nutrients

A
  • Promote plant metabolism
  • Promote proper growth and development
  • Cannot be replaced w/ another element
  • Deficiency symptoms can only be remedied by supplying missing element
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3
Q

The 3 non-mineral plant nutrients

A
  • Carbon
  • Oxygen
  • Hydrogen
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4
Q

The 3 plant macronutrients

A
  • Nitrogen
  • Phosphorus
  • Potassium
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5
Q

The 3 Secondary plant Nutrients

A
  • Calcium
  • Magnesium
  • Sulfur
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6
Q

The 2 additional nutrients required for grasses

A
  • Silicone (Si)
  • Selenium (Se)
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7
Q

Liebig’s Law of the Minimum

A

Plant production can be no greater than the level allowed by the growth factor present in the lowest amount relative to the optimum for that factor.

(Plant growth is limited by the nutrient in the least optimal amount)

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8
Q

What is the most common limiting nutrient?

A

Nitrogen

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9
Q

What are the 6 functions of Nitrogen?

A
  • Promotes vegetative growth
  • Provides dark green color
  • Essential component of amino acids, proteins
  • Essential component of DNA, RNA
  • Essential component of Chlorophyll
  • Increases Crop Yield
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10
Q

3 ways nitrogen is added to the soil

A
  • Lightning
  • Bacteria
  • Fertilizer
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11
Q

4 Ways nitrogen is lost from the soil

A
  • Gas
  • Plant Consumption
  • Runoff
  • Leaching
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12
Q

Legume Fixation

A

Nitrogen fixation due to nodules on the roots of legumes

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13
Q

After photosynthesis, what is the most important process for life on Earth?

A

Nitrogen fixation

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14
Q

9 plant micronutrients

A
  • Boron
  • Iron
  • Manganese
  • Chlorine
  • Copper
  • Molybdenum
  • Zinc
  • Cobalt
  • Nickle
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15
Q

What happens to nitrogen caused by bacterial decomposition of organic matter, and what determines which process occurs?

A
  • Mineralization (N is released into the soil)
  • Immobilization (Stored in microbial biomass)

Ratio of C to N in Org. matter determines which process occurs

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16
Q

What are 3 concerns of nitrate leaching?

A
  • Represents impoverishment of ecosystem
  • Can cause environmental problems
  • Loss of investment if fertilizer was used
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17
Q

Eutrophication

A

Excess nutrients in a water body
Usually associated w/ nitrogen or Phosphorus

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18
Q

7 Functions of Phosphorus

A
  • Stimulates early root growth
  • Assists in forming ATP
  • Assists in forming phospholipids
  • Speeds maturity
  • Assists in seed production
  • Improves resistance to cold/disease
  • Aids in cell division
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19
Q

4 Functions of Potassium in plants

A
  • Regulates osmosis
  • Promotes general health
  • Produces stronger stems
  • Produces plumper seeds
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20
Q

2 functions of calcium in plants

A
  • Component of cell wall
  • Controls soil pH
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21
Q

2 Functions of Magnesium

A
  • Critical part of chlorophyll molecule
  • Aids in formation of lipids
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22
Q

2 Function of Sulfur

A
  • Stimulates plant growth
  • Legume nodule formation
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23
Q

3 Levels of plant nutrient status

A
  • Sufficient: Adequate concentration to support plant growth
  • Insufficient: Not enough nutrients
  • Toxic: Too much nutrient
24
Q

Mobile Nutrients

A

Nutrients that move within the plant from older tissues to younger ones

Deficiency symptoms appear in older tissues

25
Q

Immobile nutrients

A

Nutrients that stay in one place within the plant once absorbed

Deficiency symptoms appear in younger tissues

26
Q

Chlorosis

A

Yellowing of plant tissue due to breakdown of chlorophyll

27
Q

Purpling

A

Dark green/purple tinting

Often caused by phosphorus deficiency

28
Q

Necrosis

A

Tissue Death

Appears as brown spots on leaves or of edges/tips of leaves

29
Q

Nitrogen deficiency Symptoms

A

Chlorosis

first appears in older leaves (mobile nutrient)

30
Q

Phosphorus Deficiency Symptoms

A

-Stunting
- Abnormally dark leaves
- Purpling between leaf veins

First appears in older leaves (mobile nutrient)

31
Q

Phosphorus Deficiency Symptoms

A
  • Chlorosis that begins at margins and moves towards the center
  • Lower leaves mottled and brown at tip

First appears in older leaves (mobile nutrient)

32
Q

Calcium Deficiency Symptoms

A
  • Death of terminal bulb
  • Dead/Dying roots
  • Hooked shape of young leaves
  • Withering of tips and margins of leaves

First appears in younger leaves (immobile nutrient)

33
Q

Magnesium deficiency symptoms

A
  • Chlorosis between leaf veins
  • Curling of leaf tips

First appears in older leaves (mobile nutrient)

34
Q

Sulfur Deficiency Symptoms

A
  • Pale leaves with dead spots
  • Veins lighter in color than rest of leaves

First appears in older leaves (mobile nutrient)

35
Q

Iron deficiency symptoms

A
  • Chlorosis of all parts of leaf except large veins

First appears in younger leaves (immobile nutrient)

36
Q

Manganese Deficiency Symptoms

A
  • Dead spots scattered throughout leaf

First appears in younger leaves (immobile nutrient)

37
Q

Boron Deficiency Symptoms

A
  • Breakdown or leaf base
  • Brittleness of petioles and stems

First appears in younger leaves (immobile nutrient)

38
Q

3 most common pieces of information on a soil report

A
  • pH
  • NPK levels
  • Nutrient recommendation
39
Q

What are nutrient recommendations based off of?

A

Yield goals

40
Q

What long-term effect can frequent nitrogen fertilization have on the soil?

A

Lowered pH

41
Q

3 Methods by which plants gather nutrients

A
  • Root interception (roots run into nutrients)
  • Diffusion
  • Mass flow (Movement of nutrients in the soil)
42
Q

When are 2 bad times to collect soil samples for testing?

A
  • Right after spreading fertilizer
  • Right after heavy rain
43
Q

Buffer Index

A

How easily the pH can be changed

44
Q

pH scale is logarithmic. What does that mean?

A

For every 1 point increase, substance becomes 10x more basic

45
Q

3 categories of soil acidity

A
  • Active acidity (normal acidity)
  • Salt acidity (replaceable by adding salt)
  • Residual acidity (can be neutralized but not replaced)
46
Q

4 causes of acidifications

A
  • Rainfall and leaching
  • Acidic parent material
  • Organic matter decay
  • Harvest of high-yield crops
47
Q

Root pruning

A

destruction of plant roots caused by aluminum toxicity (caused by low pH)

  • Unable to normally absorb water/nutrients
  • Stunted growth, signs of nutrient deficiency
  • Can lead to significant yield loss or complete crop failure
48
Q

Most common buffer used in soil

49
Q

ECCE

A

Effective Calcium Carbonate Equivalent

A measure (in percent) of the effectiveness of limestone fertilizer

50
Q

Complications of adding lime to soil

A
  • Must be thoroughly mixed w/ soil
  • Can take a year plus to take effect
51
Q

What five factors should be considered when choosing a fertilizer

A
  • Amount of nutrient required
  • Current level of nutrient
  • Amount of additional nutrient recommended
  • Concentration of nutrient in fertilizer
  • Cost
52
Q

Fertilizer

A

A chemical/natural substance added to soil or land to increase its fertility

53
Q

How is the nutrient composition of a fertilizer displayed on a bag?

A

Percentages of N, P, K in that order

N-P-K

54
Q

3 most common nitrogen fertilizers
2 other common nitrogen fertilizers

A
  • Anhydrous Ammonia (82-0-0)
  • Urea (46-0-0)
  • Ammonium Nitrate (32-0-0)
  • Ammonium Sulfate (21-0-0, plus 24 sulfur)
  • UAN (32-0-0)
55
Q

2 most common phosphorus fertilizers

2 other common phosphorus fertilizers

A
  • Diammonium Phosphate/DAP (18-46-0)
  • Triple Superphosphate/TSP (0-46-0)
  • Single Superphosphate/SSP (0-22-0)
  • Monoammonium Phosphate/MAP (11-52-0)
56
Q

2 most common potassium fertilizers

A
  • Potassium Chloride/Muriate of Potash (0-0-60)
  • Potassium Sulfate (0-0-42)

EoSC Spring Semester (13 decks)

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