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Principles of Biology II > Soil & Plant Nutrition Cont'd > Flashcards

Soil & Plant Nutrition Cont'd Flashcards

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0
Q

This is a COMPLEX MIXTURE OF PARTICLES composed of INORGANIC and ORGANIC constituents.

A

Soil

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1
Q

True or False: soil type affects growth and distribution of different plants.

A

TRUE

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2
Q

True or False: soil is only composed of organic material.

A

FALSE, soil can be made up of organic AND INORGANIC constituents.

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3
Q

True or False: soil is the same texture throughout.

A

FALSE, soil VARIES in TEXTURE and has VARIOUS SIZED PARTICLES throughout

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4
Q

How does soil develop?

A

Soil develops from the WEATHERING of SOLID ROCK.

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5
Q

Name the THREE (3) types of WEATHERING.

A

Physical
Chemical
Biotic

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6
Q

True or False: rock is the aggregate of two or more minerals.

A

TRUE, for example GRANITE is comprised of VARIOUS MINERALS (more than seven).

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7
Q

This is the process of RELEASING MINERAL NUTRIENTS which CREATES SUBSTANCE that is MORE AMENABLE FOR LIFE.

A

Weathering

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8
Q

What are FOUR (4) examples of PHYSICAL WEATHERING?

A

Heat
Ice
Water
Pressure

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9
Q

Give an example of CHEMICAL WEATHERING.

A

Acid Rain

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10
Q

True or False: chemical weathering creates smaller particles and releases nutrients into soil.

A

TRUE

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11
Q

This type of WEATHERING occurs when a variety of ORGANISMS aid in producing soil.

A

Biotic Weathering

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12
Q

True or False: biotic weathering aids in chemical but not physical weathering.

A

FALSE, BIOTIC WEATHERING aids in BOTH CHEMICAL and PHYSICAL WEATHERING

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13
Q

This is the ORGANIC portion of SOIL.

A

Humus

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14
Q

True or False: the humus mainly consists of leaf-litter and plant dretritus.

A

TRUE, the HUMUS MAINLY consists of LEAF-LITTER and PLANT DETRITUS but also INCLUDES detritus of ANIMALS, FUNGI and BACTERIA

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15
Q

True or False: humus soil has a hard consistency.

A

FALSE, the HUMUS is SOFT in CONSISTENCY and it FOSTERS ROOT GROWTH.

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16
Q

These are LAYERS OF SOIL in VARIOUS STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT.

A

Soil Horizons

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17
Q

This HORIZON of soil is comprised of TOP SOIL, HUMUS and BROKEN DOWN ROCK.

A

A Horizon

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18
Q

True or False: the A Horizon is inorganic.

A

FALSE, the A HORIZON is ORGANIC and in fact PROVIDES NUTRIENTS and HABITAT for DETRITIVORES.

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19
Q

True or False: detritivores is the name for a diverse group of bacteria, fungi and animals.

A

TRUE, in fact 1 square meter of woodland A HORIZON soil can contain 1000 SPECIES of animal populations.

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20
Q

What are the THREE (3) major types of SOIL PARTICLES?

A

Sand
Silt
Clay

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21
Q

True or False: soil texture influences water drainage of soil.

A

TRUE, in fact LARGER particles drain FASTER bc it contains LARGE PORES while,

SMALLER particles drain SLOWER bc it contains SMALL PORES.

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22
Q

True or False: soil texture influences nutrient availability.

A

TRUE, in fact NUTRIENTS are ATTRACTED TO SOIL particles and ADHERE to them more or less DEPENDENT upon the SIZE of PARTICLES.

23
Q

True or False: nutrients and water adhere more to larger particles.

A

FALSE, soils with LARGE particles ADHERE LESS while SMALL particles ADHERE MORE.

24
Q

Why do nutrients ADHERE MORE to SMALL particles?

A

FINE PARTICLES have a GREATER SURFACE AREA for nutrients to adhere to

25
Q

SOIL PARTICLES are _________ charged.

A

Negatively

26
Q

True or False: cations are electrostatically bound.

A

TRUE, CATIONS are ELECTROSTATICALLY BOUND while ANIONS are NOT.

27
Q

ANIONS are EASILY _________ while CATIONS are EASILY ________.

A

Anions: ACQUIRED by ROOTS

Cations: LEECHED during RAIN

28
Q

This is the DISSOLUTION and REMOVAL of INORGANIC ions as water moves through the soil.

A

Leeching

29
Q

HEAVY RAINFALL can reduce the ___________ of soil.

A

Fertility

30
Q

This is the REPLACEMENT of MINERAL CATIONS by H+ ions.

A

Cation Exchange

31
Q

This is a SYMBIOTIC RELATIONSHIP in which BOTH PARTICIPANTS BENEFIT.

A

Mutualistic Relationship

32
Q

This is the NARROW region of soil that is directly INFLUENCED by ROOT SECRETIONS and associated soil MICROORGANISMS.

A

Rhizophere

33
Q

True or False: bacteria in the humus are mainly decomposers.

A

TRUE, BACTERIA in the HUMUS DECOMPOSE dead plant material.

34
Q

PLANTS and BACTERIA have a MUTUALISTIC relationship in which BACTERIA PROVIDE __________ material for plants and PLANTS PROVIDE _________ material for bacteria.

A

Plants provide: ORGANIC material

Bacteria provide: INORGANIC material

35
Q

List FOUR (4) functions of RHIZOBACTERIA.

A
  1. ) STIMULATE GROWTH by PRODUCING CHEMICALS (such as nitrogen)
  2. ) PROTECT the health of the PLANT by PRODUCING ANTIBIOTICS
  3. ) ABSORB TOXIC METALS
  4. ) Make NUTRIENTS more AVAILABLE
36
Q

True or False: many bacteria can convert elemental nitrogen into useable forms of nitrogen.

A

TRUE, bacteria can convert N2 into ammonium or nitrate

37
Q

This HORIZON of soil is made up of LESS ORGANIC matter and is MOSTLY ROCK.

A

B Horizon

38
Q

This HORIZON of soil is made up of PARTIALLY BROKEN DOWN rock.

A

C Horizon

39
Q

AMMONIUM is made available by what TWO (2) types of bacteria?

A

Ammonifying Bacteria

Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria

40
Q

AMMONIFYING bacteria are decomposers that live in _______ and release _______.

A

Humus

Ammonia (NH3)

41
Q

NITROGEN FIXING bacteria live in _______ and convert _________ to ________.

A

Soil

Nitrogen (N2) to Ammonia (NH3)

42
Q

NITRATE (NO3-) is made available by process of _________.

A

Nitrification

43
Q

What is the TWO (2) STEP process of NITRIFICATION?

A

Oxidation of AMMONIA (NH3) to nitrITE (NO2-)

Oxidation of nitrITE (NO2-) to nitrATE (NO3-)

44
Q

Each AMMONIUM (NH4+) has ___ ATP molecules.

A

18

45
Q

These form MUTUALISTIC RELATIONSHIPS with ROOTS and play a major role in PLANT NUTRITION.

A

Soil Fungi

46
Q

These are the MUTUALISTIC ASSOCIATIONS of ROOTS and FUNGI.

A

Mycorrhizae

47
Q

In the mutualistic relationship of MYCORRHIZAE, ________ provide carbohydrates while ________ INCREASE SURFACE AREA of roots.

A

Plants

Fungi

48
Q

This type of MYCORRHIZAE grow ON the ROOT SURFACE.

A

Ectomycorrhizae

49
Q

This type of MYCORRHIZAE grow INTO the ROOT CORTEX.

A

Arbuscular Mycorrhizae

50
Q

These grow attached to other plants but NOT SOIL and are NOT PARASITES.

A

Epiphytes

51
Q

These grow ATTACHED TO other PLANTS and obtain their source of NUTRIENTS FROM the HOST.

A

Parasites

52
Q

These PLANTS obtain some nitrogen and minerals from KILLING/DIGESTING SMALL ANIMALS.

A

Carnivorous Plants

53
Q

Some PARASITIC PLANTS have SPECIALIZED ROOTS called __________ that PENETRATE the PHLOEM of the host plant.

A

Haustoria

54
Q

There are ___ species of DODDER, a parasitic plant that CONTAIN HAUSTORIA.

A

120

Principles of Biology II (15 decks)

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