Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Principles of Biology II > Plant & Internal/External Stimuli > Flashcards

Plant & Internal/External Stimuli Flashcards

0
Q

This type of STIMULI is characterized by a variety of PHYSICAL and BIOLOGICAL stimuli produced OUTSIDE of the BODY.

A

External Stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

This type of STIMULI is characterized by CHEMICAL SIGNALS that are produced WITHIN the BODY and move from from one location to another.

A

Internal Stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

This response to stimuli occurs when received SIGNALS ACTIVATE INTRACELLULAR PATHWAYS that lead to cellular responses.

A

Signal Transduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

This is the CONVERSION of one form of ENERGY to another.

A

Transduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

This is the process by which a signal ACTIVATES a RECEPTOR.

A

Reception

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

These are PROTEINS that become ACTIVATED WHEN they receive a SPECIFIC SIGNAL.

A

Receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are TWO (2) LOCATIONS of RECEPTORS?

A

Plasma Membrane

Intracellular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The PLASMA MEMBRANE has ___________ heads and ___________ tails.

A

Hydrophilic

Hydrophobic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Receptors ON the PLASMA MEMBRANE have signals that are __________.

A

Water soluble

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Receptors INSIDE of the CELL have signals that are ____________.

A

NOT water soluble

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

SECONDARY MESSENGERS are molecules and ions ________ of the cell.

A

Inside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

SECONDARY MESSENGERS AMPLIFY the signal from the ________ and TRANSFER the signal to the ________.

A

Receptor

Effector

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the TWO (2) common SECONDARY MESSENGERS in plants?

A

cyclic GMP

cyclic AMP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

During the cAMP SECONDARY MESSENGER SYSTEM ____________ is the FIRST MESSENGER.

A

Hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

During cAMP the RECEPTOR ACTIVATES and RELEASES __________.

A

G Protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

G PROTEIN binds to the ENZYME ___________.

A

Adenylate Cyclase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

During the SECONDARY MESSENGER SYSTEM (cAMP) ATP is converted INTO __________. (The SECOND MESSENGER)

A

cAMP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

During the SECONDARY MESSENGER SYSTEM (cAMP), __________ is activated which TRIGGERS a cascades of CHEMICAL REACTIONS known as _________.

A

Kinases

Effectors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

In regards to the SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAY _________ is the ACTIVATION of EFFECTORS which will REGULATE one or more CELLULAR ACTIVITIES.

A

Response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

These are PROTEINS or ENZYMES that carry SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS.

A

Effectors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the TWO (2) main types of CELLULAR RESPONSES?

A

Transcriptional Regulation

Post Transcriptional Modification

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

This is the INTERACTION between INTERNAL and EXTERNAL STIMULI that is related to PLANT GROWTH in DARKNESS.

A

Etiolation Response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

This is the INTERACTION between INTERNAL and EXTERNAL STIMULI that is related to PLANT GROWTH in LIGHT.

A

De-etiolation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

This is the RECEPTOR involved in DE-ETIOLATION’s relation to SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION.

A

Phytochrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

These are CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES that regulate METABOLIC FUNCTION of TARGET CELLS.

A

Hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

PLANT HORMONES generally AFFECT what THREE (3) things?

A

Cellular Division
Cellular Elongation
Cellular Differentiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

True or False: plant hormones are produced in one part of the plant and transported to other parts.

A

TRUE,

plant hormones are PRODUCED in ONE PART of the plant and TRANSPORTED to OTHER parts.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

PLANT HORMONES TRIGGER ____________.

A

Signal Transduction Pathway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

PLANT HORMONES lead to CHANGES such as ___________, ___________ and __________.

A

Development
Growth
Behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are the SIX (6) types of PLANT HORMONES?

A 
Auxins
Cytokinins 
Gibberellins 
Ethylene 
Abscisic Acid 
Brassinosteroids
30
Q

This is the MASTER PLANT HORMONE.

31
Q

True or False: AUXIN is only influential up until maturity.

A

FALSE,

AUXIN INFLUENCES the plan throughout their LIFETIME.

32
Q

WHERE are AUXINS PRODUCED?

A

Apical Meristems (shoots/roots)
Young Leaves
Developing Seeds and Fruits

33
Q

AUXINS are TRANSPORTED via __________ and __________.

A

Parenchyma Cells

Apoplastic Transport

34
Q

What are the THREE (3) MAJOR FUNCTIONS of AUXIN? What OTHER FUNCTIONS do auxins perform? (2)

A

MAJOR

  1. ) STEM ELONGATION
  2. ) lateral and adventitious ROOT GROWTH
  3. ) PHOTOTROPISM & GRAVITROPISM

OTHER

  1. ) stimulates FRUIT DEVELOPMENT
  2. ) induces VASCULAR tissue DEVELOPMENT
35
Q

These PLANT HORMONES WORK in concert WITH AUXINS to control CELL DIVISION, differentiation and apical dominance.

A

Cytokinins

36
Q

CYTOKININS work with auxin to CONTROL ___________, __________ and __________.

A

Cell Division
Cell Differentiation
Apical Dominance

37
Q

How are CYTOKININS TRANSPORTED?

A

Xylem Tissue

38
Q

CYTOKININS ALONE = ?

A

No Cell Division

39
Q

CYTOKININS + AUXINS = ?

A

Cell Division

40
Q

1:1 RATIO of CYTOKININS to AUXINS = ?

A

Normal Growth (shoots & roots)

41
Q

CYTOKININS > AUXINS = ?

A

Shoot Development

42
Q

CYTOKININS < AUXINS = ?

A

Root Development

43
Q

What is APICAL DOMINANCE?

A

INHIBITION of AUXILIARY BUDS due to PRESENCE of APICAL BUD.

44
Q

True or False: the presence of cytokinins influence whether or not the auxiliary bud grows.

45
Q

Where are GIBBERELLINS produced?

A

Apical Meristems
Young Leaves
Embryos (seeds)

46
Q

What are the THREE (3) major FUNCTIONS of GIBBERELLINS?

A

Stem Elongation
Fruit Growth
Germination of Seeds

47
Q

True or False: gibberellins have a great affect on roots.

A

FALSE,

GIBBERELLINS have LITTLE EFFECT on ROOTS.

48
Q

In order for FRUIT to DEVELOP and GROW ____________ and __________ must be present.

A

Gibberellins

Auxins

49
Q

This is the UPTAKE of WATER due to LOW WATER POTENTIAL resulting in the BREAKING of SEED DORMANCY.

A

Imbibition

50
Q

FOLLOWING IMBIBITION ____________ concentrations INCREASE in the seed causing it to _____________.

A

Gibberellins

Germinate

51
Q

During GERMINATION what are the digestive ENZYMES DIGESTING?

52
Q

These PLANT HORMONES are involved in SLOWING plant GROWTH.

A

Abscisic Acid

53
Q

What are the THREE (3) GROWTH HORMONES?

A

Auxins
Cytokinins
Gibberellins

54
Q

Where are ABSCISIC ACIDS produced?

A

In ALMOST ALL plant CELLS

55
Q

What are the THREE (3) major FUNCTIONS of ABSCISIC ACIDS?

A

Growth INHIBITION
Promote SEED DORMANCY
INHIBITION of EARLY GERMINATION

56
Q

Why is SEED DORMANCY important?

A

It INCREASES the LIKELIHOOD that the SEED will DEVELOP in FAVORABLE environmental CONDITIONS.

57
Q

ABSCISIC ACIDS > GIBBERELLINS = ?

A

Seed DORMANCY

58
Q

ABSCISIC ACIDS < GIBBERELLINS = ?

A

Seed GERMINATES

59
Q

Plants produce this GASEOUS HORMONE in response to STRESS.

60
Q

Where is ETHYLENE produced?

A

Tissues undergoing CELL DEATH
AGING LEAVES
RIPENING fruit

61
Q

This is the PROGRAMMED DEATH of certain cells or organs of a plant.

A

Senescence

62
Q

This is a CELLULAR MECHANISM in which ENZYMES BREAK DOWN chemical components such as CHLOROPHYLL, DNA, RNA, PROTEINS and membrane LIPIDS.

63
Q

True or False: ethylene is always associated with senescence.

A

TRUE,

ethylene is ALWAYS associated with senescence.

64
Q

This occurs in plants that LOSE LEAVES annually.

A

Leaf Abscission

65
Q

True or False: leaf abscission allows plants to salvage nutrients and recycle them back into leaves in the spring.

A

TRUE,

LEAF ABSCISSION allows plants to SALVAGE NUTRIENTS and RECYLCE them back into leaves in the spring.

66
Q

Where does LEAF ABSCISSION?

A

Abscission Layer

67
Q

Where is the ABSCISSION LAYER located?

A

At the BASE of the PETIOLE.

68
Q

During LEAF ABSCISSION _________ cells are WEAKENED by enzymes FROM APOPTOSIS.

A

Parenchyma Cells

69
Q

What TWO (2) HORMONES determine LEAF ABSCISSION?

A

Ethylene

Auxin

70
Q

What HORMONE is involved in HEALTHY LEAVES.

71
Q

The LOSS OF AUXIN and an INCREASE in ETHYLENE results in what?

A

Aged Leaves

72
Q

ETHYLENE > AUXIN = ?

A

Abscising Leaves

73
Q

True or False: ethylene inhibits fruit ripening.

A

FALSE,

Ethylene TRIGGERS fruit RIPENING.

Principles of Biology II (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions