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Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

How many cells does the human body contain?

A

50-100 Trillion cells

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2
Q

This SYSTEM can REGULATE the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM.

A

Nervous System

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3
Q

What is the endocrine system composed of?

A

Endocrine Glands

Hormones

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4
Q

These are COMMUNICATION and REGULATORY MOLECULES secreted by endocrine glands.

A

Hormones

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5
Q

How are hormones transported throughout the body?

A

Blood Stream
OR
Hemolymph

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6
Q

What are the FIVE (5) major PROCESSES controlled by hormones?

A
  1. ) Reproduction
  2. ) Development
  3. ) Energy Metabolism
  4. ) Growth
  5. ) Behavior
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7
Q

What is the FUNCTION OF HORMONES?

A

To SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS

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8
Q

Why don’t hormones effect all cells of the body?

A

Because HORMONES BIND to SPECIFIC RECEPTOR proteins on TARGET CELLS.

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9
Q

What are the THREE (3) TYPES of HORMONES.

A
  1. ) Polypeptides
  2. ) Amines
  3. ) Steroids
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10
Q

The ENDOCRINE SYSTEM is responsible for ____________ and ____________.

A

Communication

Regulation

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11
Q

What are NON-STEROID HORMONES derived from?

A

Amino Acids

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12
Q

Give FOUR (4) examples of NON-STEROID HORMONES.

A

Epinephrine
Insulin
Erythropoietin
ADH

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13
Q

What are STEROID HORMONES derived from?

A

Cholesterol

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14
Q

Give TWO (2) examples of STEROID HORMONES.

A

Testosterone

Estrogen

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15
Q

Are NON-STEROID hormones HYDROPHILIC OR HYDROPHOBIC?

A

Hydrophilic

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16
Q

These are HORMONES derived from AMINO ACIDS.

A

Non-steroid

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17
Q

These are HORMONES derived from CHOLESTEROL.

A

Steroid

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18
Q

Are STEROID hormones HYDROPHILIC OR HYDROPHOBIC?

A

Hydrophobic

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19
Q

What are the TWO (2) MAIN LOCATIONS a for HORMONE RECEPTORS?

A

Plasma Membrane

Intracellular

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20
Q

NON-STEROID hormones ________(can OR cannot) enter target cells, while STEROID hormones ________ (can OR cannot).

A

Non-steroids CANNOT

Steroids CAN

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21
Q

How do NON-STEROID hormones TRIGGER RESPONSES in SECONDARY MESSENGER SYSTEMS? Directly OR indirectly?

A

INDIRECTLY, bc they cannot enter target cells.

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22
Q

How do STEROID hormones TRIGGER RESPONSES in SECONDARY MESSENGER SYSTEMS? Directly OR indirectly?

A

DIRECTLY, bc they can enter target cells.

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23
Q

This process is characterized by one hormone TRIGGERING the synthesis of LARGE NUMBER of ENZYMES.

A

Enzyme Amplification

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24
Q

How many MOLECULES does ONE (1) EPINEPHRINE molecule essentially activate according to ENZYME AMPLIFICATION?

A

1 epinephrine molecule activates 1BILLION MOLECULES

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25
Q

Why is it possible for the SAME HORMONE to cause DIFFERENT EFFECTS if they bind to SPECIFIC RECEPTORS?

A
  1. ) Same receptor but different intracellular proteins
  2. ) Different receptor but same hormone

(See p. 3 in NOTES)

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26
Q

True or False: most target cells are sensitive to multiple hormones.

A

TRUE

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27
Q

What are the TWO (2) main types of INTERACTIVE EFFECTS of hormones?

A

Synergistic

Antagonistic

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28
Q

This type of INTERACTIVE EFFECT occurs when TWO HORMONES act to produce GREATER EFFECT.

A

Synergistic

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29
Q

This type of INTERACTIVE EFFECT occurs when ONE HORMONE OPPOSES the ACTION of another.

A

Antagonistic

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30
Q

This is the MAJOR FUEL for animals.

A

Glucose

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31
Q

What are the TWO (2) ANTAGONISTIC hormones?

A

Insulin

Glucagon

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32
Q

What FUNCTION does INSULIN serve?

A

LOWERS a blood glucose

33
Q

What GLAND secretes INSULIN?

34
Q

What is the FUNCTION of GLUCAGON?

A

It INCREASES blood glucose

35
Q

Which GLAND secretes GLUCAGON?

36
Q

This is the result of a DISRUPTION in GLUCOSE HOMEOSTASIS.

A

Diabetes Mellitus

37
Q

Type 1 DIABETES is the result of what?

A

A DEFICIENCY in insulin PRODUCTION.

38
Q

Type 2 DIABETES is a result of what?

A

DEFICIENCY in insulin RECEPTORS on target cells.

39
Q

90% of cases of DIABETES are type __.

40
Q

This is the MAJOR ENDOCRINE GLAND.

41
Q

This organ CONTROLS the PITUITARY GLAND.

A

Hypothalamus

42
Q

Name the TWO (2) LOBES of the PITUITARY GLAND.

A

Anterior

Posterior

43
Q

The ANTERIOR pituitary gland SECRETES ___ hormones.

44
Q

The POSTERIOR pituitary gland SECRETES ___ hormones.

45
Q

Name the SIX (6) HORMONES secretes by the ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND.

A
  1. ) Growth Hormone (GH)
  2. ) Prolactin
  3. ) Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH)
  4. ) Luteinizing Hormone
  5. ) Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
  6. ) Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
46
Q

What are the TWO (2) HORMONES secreted by the POSTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND?

A
  1. ) Oxytocin

2. ) Antidiuretic Hormone

47
Q

What role does PROLACTIN of the ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND play in the endocrine system?

A

Milk synthesis and secretion

48
Q

What role does GROWTH HORMONE of the ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND play in the endocrine system?

A

Growth

Metabolic functions

49
Q

What role does FOLLICLE-STIMULATING HORMONE of the ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND play in the endocrine system?

A

Ova and Sperm production

50
Q

What role does LUTEINIZING HORMONE of the ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND play in the endocrine system?

A 
Stimulates Ovulation and Estrogen (ovaries)
Stimulates Androgens (testes)
51
Q

What role does THYROID-STIMULATING HORMONE of the ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND play in the endocrine system?

A

Stimulates Thyroid Gland

52
Q

What role does ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE of the ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND play in the endocrine system?

A

Stimulates Adrenal Glands

53
Q

What role does OXYTOCIN of the POSTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND play in the endocrine system?

A

Stimulates Mammary Gland Cells

Stimulates Uterus Contraction

54
Q

What role does ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE of the POSTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND play in the endocrine system?

A

Promotes H2O Retention by kidneys

55
Q

The THYROID GLAND consists of ___ large LOBES.

56
Q

The THYROID GLAND is POSITIONED just below the __________.

57
Q

What TWO (2) HORMONES does the THYROID GLAND PRODUCE?

A

Thyroid Hormone

Calcitonin

58
Q

What TWO (2) CHEMICALS make up THYROID HORMONE?

A

Thyroxine

Triiodothyronine

59
Q

What THREE (3) METABOLIC PROCESSES does THYROID HORMONE influence?

A
  1. ) INCREASES ENERGY RELEASE from carbs
  2. ) INCREASES rate of PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
  3. ) ACCELERATES GROWTH
60
Q

This endocrine gland STIMULATES the THYROID GLAND.

A

Anterior pituitary gland

61
Q

These TWO (2) COMPLICATIONS arise due to THYROID HORMONE IMBALANCES

A

Grave’s Disease

Goiter

62
Q

What is the FUNCTION of CALCITONIN?

A

Lowers blood calcium levels

63
Q

How does CALCITONIN lower blood calcium levels?

A

It INCREASES EXCRETION of calcium in urine.

64
Q

This is the ANTAGONISTIC hormone to CALCITONIN, in that it INCREASES BLOOD CALCIUM.

A

Parathyroid Hormone

65
Q

In what THREE (3) WAYS does PARATHYROID HORMONE INCREASE blood CALCIUM?

A
  1. ) Calcium UPTAKE in KIDNEYS
  2. ) Calcium UPTAKE in INTESTINES
  3. ) Calcium RELEASE from BONES
66
Q

What GLAND secretes PARATHYROID HORMONE?

A

Parathyroid Glands

67
Q

These GLANDS are located ABOVE the KIDNEYS and divided into 2 LAYERS.

A

Adrenal Glands

68
Q

What are the TWO (2) LAYERS a of the ADRENAL GLANDS?

A

Adrenal Medulla

Adrenal Cortex

69
Q

The ADRENAL MEDULLA secretes this HORMONE.

A

Epinephrine

70
Q

The ADRENAL CORTEX secretes ___ different STEROIDS. Name TWO (2).

A

30
Glucocorticoids
Mineralcorticosteroids

71
Q

What is the FUNCTION of EPINEPHRINE?

A

FIGHT OR FLIGHT:

  1. ) Increased Heart Rate
  2. ) Increased Breathing Rate
  3. ) Increased Metabolic Rate
  4. ) Decreased Digestion
72
Q

What is the FUNCTION of GLUCOCORTICOIDS?

A

RAISE blood GLUCOSE levels (NON-CARB sources)

ANTI-INFLAMMATORY Effects

73
Q

What is the FUNCTION of MINERALCORTICOSTEROIDS?

A

Maintain SALT and WATER BALANCE

Promotes SODIUM REABSORPTION in kidneys

74
Q

Besides MINERALCORTICOSTEROIDS, what is another HORMONE involved in WATER REABSORPTION?

A

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

75
Q

What are the TWO (2) ANTAGONISTIC hormones of the PANCREAS?

A

Insulin

Glucagon

76
Q

This ANTAGONISTIC hormone LOWERS blood GLUCOSE.

77
Q

This ANTAGONISTIC hormone INCREASES blood GLUCOSE.

78
Q

GONADS produce what TWO (2) STEROID HORMONES?

A

Androgens

Estrogens

79
Q

GONADAL SEX HORMONES are STIMULATED by what other 2 hormones?

A

Follicle-stimulating

Luteinizing

Principles of Biology II (15 decks)

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