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Principles of Biology II > Animal Nutrition > Flashcards

Animal Nutrition Flashcards

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0
Q

These animals CONSUME AUTOTROPHS.

A

Herbivores

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1
Q

What are the THREE (3) DIET CLASSIFICATIONS?

A

Herbivores
Carnivores
Omnivores

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2
Q

These animals CONSUME other ANIMALS.

A

Carnivores

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3
Q

These animals CONSUME AUTOTROPHS and other ANIMALS.

A

Omnivores

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4
Q

These animals are NOT MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE to any of the three DIET CLASSIFICATIONS.

A

Opportunistic Feeders

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5
Q

What are the FOUR (4) classifications of FEEDING MECHANISMS?

A

Suspension Feeders
Substrate Feeders
Fluid Feeders
Bulk Feeders

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6
Q

Within this classification of FEEDING MECHANISMS, food PARTICLES are SIFTED from environment.

A

Suspension Feeders

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7
Q

Give TWO (2) examples of SUSPENSION FEEDERS.

A

Baleen Whales

Clams/Oysters

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8
Q

Within this classification of FEEDING MECHANISMS, the animal LIVES IN/ON their FOOD source.

A

Substrate Feeders

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9
Q

Give TWO (2) examples of SUBSTRATE FEEDERS.

A

Caterpillars

Maggots

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10
Q

Within this classification of FEEDING MECHANISMS the animal SUCKS NUTRIENT rich fluid from the host.

A

Fluid Feeders

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11
Q

Name FOUR (4) examples of FLUID FEEDERS.

A

ARTHROPODS:
• Mosquitos
• Bees

NON-ARTHROPOD:
• Hummingbirds
• Bats

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12
Q

Within this classification of FEEDING MECHANISMS, the animal consumes LARGE PIECES of FOOD.

A

Bulk Feeders

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13
Q

Name FIVE (5) ADAPTATIONS of BULK FEEDERS.

A
  1. ) Tentacles
  2. ) Claws
  3. ) Fangs
  4. ) Jaws
  5. ) Teeth
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14
Q

Give FIVE (5) examples of BULK FEEDERS.

A
  1. ) Snakes
  2. ) Spiders
  3. ) Octopus
  4. ) Dogs
  5. ) Humans
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15
Q

Although SPIDERS are classified as BULK FEEDERS, how can they be classified as SUSPENSION FEEDERS as well?

A

Their WEBS FILTER INSECTS flying through the air.

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16
Q

True or False: animals only require organic nutrients.

A

FALSE,

Animals require ORGANIC AND INORGANIC nutrients.

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17
Q

List FIVE (5) ORGANIC NUTRIENTS that animals require.

A
  1. ) Carbohydrates
  2. ) Proteins
  3. ) Lipids
  4. ) Nucleic Acids
  5. ) Vitamins
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18
Q

What INORGANIC nutrients do animals require? (2)

A

Water

Minerals

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19
Q

Why do animals require ORGANIC NUTRIENTS? (2)

A

Provide ENERGY

Build NEW MOLECULES

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20
Q

__________ energy POWERS CELLULAR PROCESSES after it is converted to ATP.

A

Chemical

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21
Q

True or False: essential nutrients are required from the diet is in their complete form.

A

TRUE,

ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS are required in their COMPLETE FORM.

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22
Q

What are the FOUR (4) groups of ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS.

A
  1. ) Amino Acids
  2. ) Fatty Acids
  3. ) Vitamins
  4. ) Minerals
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23
Q

True or False: animals can synthesize all amino acids.

A

FALSE,

Animals can synthesize MOST amino acids

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24
Q

How many ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS are required in an ANIMAL’s DIET?

A

8

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25
Q

PROTEINS in ANIMAL PRODUCTS are _________ amino acids.

A

Complete

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26
Q

PROTEINS in PLANT PRODUCTS are _________ amino acids.

A

Incomplete

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27
Q

A diet with INSUFFICIENT amounts of essential AMINO ACIDS result in __________.

A

Protein Deficiency

Ch.41 p.3 NOTES

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28
Q

This is the result of a LONG-TERM ABSENCE of essential NUTRIENTS.

A

Malnutrition

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29
Q

____________ FATTY ACIDS CANNOT be made.

A

Unsaturated

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30
Q

Ample quantities of essential FATTY ACIDS can be found in ________, _______ and _______.

A

Seeds
Grains
Vegetables

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31
Q

VITAMINS are required in _______ amounts, usually ___ to ___ per day.

A

SMALL

0.001 mg to 100 mg

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32
Q

True or False: animals can synthesize vitamins.

A

FALSE,

Animals CANNOT synthesize VITAMINS

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33
Q

________ VITAMINS are EXCRETED in URINE and _______ VITAMINS are STORED in fat tissue.

A

Water-soluble

Fat-soluble

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34
Q

MINERALS are required in ______ amounts, about ___ to ___ per day.

A

Small

1 mg to 2,500 mg

35
Q

True or False: animals can synthesize minerals.

A

FALSE,

Animals CANNOT SYNTHESIZE MINERALS

36
Q

What are the FOUR (4) stages of FOOD PROCESSING?

A
  1. ) Ingestion
  2. ) Digestion
  3. ) Absorption
  4. ) Elimination
37
Q

What are the TWO (2) forms of DIGESTION?

A

Mechanical

Chemical

38
Q

Give an example of MECHANICAL DIGESTION.

A

Chewing

39
Q

Give an example of CHEMICAL DIGESTION.

A

Enzymatic Hydrolysis

40
Q

DIGESTIVE ENZYMES breakdown __________, __________ and __________.

A

Proteins
Fats
Carbohydrates

41
Q

This is DIGESTION that occurs WITHIN a CELL.

A

Intracellular Digestion

Ch.41 p.5 NOTES

42
Q

This is when DIGESTION occurs OUTSIDE of the CELLS.

A

Extracellular Digestion

43
Q

This is a DIGESTIVE COMPARTMENT comprised of a SINGLE OPENING seen in INCOMPLETE DIGESTIVE SYSTEMS.

A

Gastrovascular Cavity

44
Q

This is a DIGESTIVE TUBE with TWO OPENINGS seen in a COMPLETE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.

A

Alimentary Canal

45
Q

What is an ADVANTAGE of a COMPLETE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM? (2)

A
  1. ) Deal with FOOD at VARIOUS STAGES

2. ) Consume LARGER PARTICLES

46
Q

What FOUR (4) DIGESTIVE GLANDS secrete DIGESTIVE JUICES into the canal?

A
  1. ) Salivary Glands
  2. ) Gallbladder
  3. ) Liver
  4. ) Pancreas
47
Q

These are waves of SMOOTH MUSCLE CONTRACTION.

A

Peristalsis

48
Q

These are RING-LIKE MUSCULAR VALVES that REGULATE passage of MATERIALS BETWEEN COMPARTMENTS.

A

Sphincters

49
Q

SALIVA decreased from the SALIVARY GLANDS contain the ENZYME _________.

A

Amylase

50
Q

AMYLASE BREAKS DOWN _______ and ______.

A

Starch

Glycogen

51
Q

The TONGUE creates ________ ready GOR SWALLOWING.

A

BOLUS of food

52
Q

This CONNECTS the ORAL CAVITY to the ESOPHAGUS and the TRACHEA.

A

Pharynx

53
Q

This is the FLAP of CARTILAGE that prevents food from going down the TRACHEA.

A

Epiglottis

54
Q

This MOVES FOOD to the STOMACH by PERISTALSIS.

A

Esophagus

55
Q

This is a SAC-LIKE organ for STORAGE and DIGESTION.

A

Stomach

56
Q

The STOMACH can STORES up to ___ of FOOD and WATER.

A

2 Liters

57
Q

The GASTRIC JUICES of the STOMACH contain _________ and ________.

A 
Hydrochloric Acid (HCl)
Pepsin
58
Q

What is the pH of the HCl contained in the STOMACH’s GASTRIC ACID?

A

2

59
Q

What is the FUNCTION of the HCl in the STOMACH? (4)

A
  1. ) Break Down Food
  2. ) Kill Bacteria
  3. ) Denature Proteins
  4. ) Activate Pepsin
60
Q

PARIETAL CELLS of the STOMACH SECRETE _________ and ________.

A

Hydrogen (H+)

Chloride (Cl-)

61
Q

The CHIEF CELLS of the STOMACH release ____________.

A

Pepsinogen

62
Q

True or False: pepsinogen is active pepsin.

A

FALSE,

PEPSINOGEN is INACTIVE PEPSIN

63
Q

How often is the EPITHELIAL LAYER of the STOMACH replaced?

A

Every 3 days

64
Q

This is an ACIDIC mix of FOOD and GASTRIC JUICES.

A

Chyme

Ch.41 p.8 NOTES

65
Q

The STOMACH CHURNS every ___ seconds.

A

20

66
Q

CHYME released into the SMALL INTESTINE by the PYLORIC SPHINCTER ___ to ___ HOURS after a meal.

A

2-6 hours

67
Q

The SMALL INTESTINE is composed of what THREE (3) parts?

A

Duodenum
Jejunum
ileum

68
Q

The DUODENUM is the first ___ cm of the SMALL INTESTINE.

A

25

69
Q

Thus secretes BICARBONATE for neutralization and ENZYMES.

A

Pancreas

70
Q

TRYPSIN and CHYMOTRYPSIN of the PANCREAS aid in _________ digestion.

A

Protein

71
Q

PANCREATIC AMYLASE aid in __________ DIGESTION.

A

Carbohydrate

72
Q

PANCREATIC LIPASES aid in _______ DIGESTION.

A

Fat

73
Q

PANCREATIC NUCLEASES aid in __________ DIGESTION.

A

Nucleic Acid

74
Q

This is the site of BILE PRODUCTION.

A

Liver

75
Q

This AMPHILLIC MOLECULE acts as an EMULSIFIER.

A

Bile

76
Q

BILE ACIDS form _________.

A

Micelles

77
Q

This organ STORES BILE and RELEASES it DURING DIGESTION.

A

Gall Bladder

78
Q

The SMALL INTESTINE has a _________ SURFACE AREA of ____.

A

Large

300 meters squared

79
Q

These are FINGER-LIKE extensions that INCREASE SURFACE AREA in the the SMALL INTESTINE.

A

Villi

80
Q

MICROVILLI are made of ___________ cells.

A

Epithelial

81
Q

SIDE BY SIDE MICROVILLI are called __________.

A

The Brush Boarder

82
Q

Nutrients must pass though a ___________ during NUTRIENT ABSORPTION.

A

Plasma Membrane

83
Q

How do FATS ENTER the BLOOD STREAM?

A

Lymphatic System

Ch.41 p.10 NOTES

84
Q

True or False: most nutrients enter directly into blood capillaries.

A

TRUE,

MOST nutrients enter DIRECTLY into blood CAPILLARIES.

85
Q

This is a SMALL POUCH of the LARGE INTESTINE for FERMENTING PLANT MATERIAL.

A

Cecum

86
Q

WATER ABSORPTION is the main FUNCTION of this component of the LARGE INTESTINE.

A

Colon

Principles of Biology II (15 decks)

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