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Principles of Biology II > Animal Form & Function > Flashcards

Animal Form & Function Flashcards

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0
Q

This TISSUE is made up of densely PACKED CELLS and it PROTECTS, SECRETES and ABSORBS.

A

Epithelial Tissue

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1
Q

What are the FOUR (4) TISSUE TYPES?

A

Epithelial
Connective
Muscular
Nervous

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2
Q

Name the THREE (3) different SHAPES of EPITHELIAL TISSUE.

A

Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar

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3
Q

Name the THREE (3) different ARRANGEMENTS of EPITHELIAL TISSUE.

A

Simple
Stratified
Pseudo stratified

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4
Q

Identify the SHAPE and ARRANGEMENT of SKIN tissue cells.

A

Stratified

Squamous

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5
Q

KIDNEY TUBULES are what type of epithelial tissue?

A

Simple

Cuboidal

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6
Q

The RESPIRATORY TRACT is made up of what type of epithelial tissue?

A

Pseudo stratified

Columnar

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7
Q

The INTESTINES contain what type of epithelial tissue?

A

Simple

Columnar

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8
Q

This SEPARATES EPITHELIUM from UNDERLYING TISSUE.

A

Basement Membrane

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9
Q

What are the SIX (6) types of CONNECTIVE TISSUE?

A
  1. ) Loose Connective
  2. ) Fibrous Connective
  3. ) Cartilage
  4. ) Bone
  5. ) Adipose
  6. ) Blood
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10
Q

What is the FUNCTION of CONNECTIVE TISSUE? (4)

A

Connect
Surround
Anchor
Support

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11
Q

This part of CONNECTIVE TISSUE id a WEB of FIBERS embedded in a LIQUID, JELLY or SOLID.

A

Extracellular Matrix

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12
Q

What are the FUNCTIONS of the EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX? (3)

A

Provide STRUCTURE
PROTECTION
Mechanical STRENGTH

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13
Q

What are the THREE (3) types of CONNECTIVE tissue FIBERS?

A

Collagenous
Elastic
Reticular

Ch. 40 p.4 NOTES

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14
Q

This CONNECTIVE TISSUE is the mist WIDESPREAD and found THROUGHOUT the BODY.

A

Loose Connective

Ch. 40 p. 4 NOTES

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15
Q

True or False: loose connective tissue is highly vascular.

A

TRUE,

LOOSE CONNECTIVE tissue is HIGHLY VASCULAR.

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16
Q

What are the FUNCTIONS of LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE? (3)

A

BINDS EPITHELIA to underlying tissue
NUTRIENT & WASTE REMOVAL
HOLDS ORGANS in place

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17
Q

Where is FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE found?

A

Tendons

Ligaments

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18
Q

This type of CONNECTIVE TISSUE is made up of DENSELY PACKED COLLAGENOUS FIBERS.

A

Fibrous Connective Tissue

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19
Q

This type of FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE is responsible for BINDING BONES together.

A

Ligaments

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20
Q

This type of FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE is responsible for ATTACHING MUSCLES to BONES.

A

Tendons

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21
Q

This type of CONNECTIVE TISSUE is found in JOINTS, EARS and VERTEBRATE EMBRYOS.

A

Cartilage

Ch.40 p.5 NOTES

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22
Q

CARTILAGE is made up of a RUBBERY MATRIX of _______________.

A

Chondroitin

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23
Q

This CONNECTIVE TISSUE makes up the SKELETON of the body.

A

Bone Tissue

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24
Q

BONE TISSUE is made up of ____________ CONNECTIVE TISSUE.

A

Mineralized

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25
Q

True or False: bone tissue is hard and brittle.

A

FALSE,

BINE TISSUE is HARD but NOT BRITTLE and acts as a SCAFFOLDING for the body.

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26
Q

This type of CONNECTIVE TISSUE is FOUND THROUGHOUT the BODY and contains LIPIDS.

A

Adipose Tissue

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27
Q

What are the TWO (2) functions of ADIPOSE TISSUE?

A

Stores ENERGY as FAT

PADS & INSULATES the body

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28
Q

What is the LIQUID MATRIX of BLOOD made up of?

A 
Blood Cells (red & white)
Plasma
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29
Q

What is the FUNCTION of BLOOD?

A

Gas Exchange
Immune Protection
Blood Clotting

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30
Q

This TISSUE TYPE is responsible for most BODY MOVEMENT.

A

Muscle Tissue

Ch.40 p.5-6 NOTES

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31
Q

MUSCULAR TISSUE is made up of __________ cells specialized FOR CONTRACTION.

A

Elongated

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32
Q

What are the THREE (3) types of MUSCLE TISSUE?

A

Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth

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33
Q

____________ MUSCLE TISSUE is VOLUNTARY.

A

Skeletal

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34
Q

CARDIAC MUSCLE is ____________ and found in the HEART.

A

Involuntary

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35
Q

This type of MUSCLE TISSUE is INVOLUNTARY and is found in ORGAN WALLS, BLOOD VESSELS and IRIS.

A

Smooth Muscle

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36
Q

True or False: muscle tissue is a type of connective tissue.

A

FALSE,

MUSCULAR TISSUE is NOT a type of CONNECTIVE TISSUE.

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37
Q

True or False: muscles work in a pushing action.

A

FALSE,

MUSCLES DO NOT PUSH, they OLNY CONTRACT or RELAX

38
Q

__________ muscle tissue is STRIATED.

A

Skeletal

39
Q

This TISSUE TYPE is specialized for COMMUNICATION by ELECTRICAL and chemical signals.

A

Nervous Tissue

Ch.40 p.6 NOTES

40
Q

These cells SUPPORT NEURONS.

A

Glial Cells

41
Q

The FUNCTION of nerve cells of NERVOUS TISSUE is _________ and ________.

A

Control

Communication

42
Q

True or False: nervous tissue is specialized for electrical signals but not chemical.

A

FALSE,

NERVOUS TISSUE communicates by BOTH ELECTRICAL & CHEMICAL signals (think neurotransmitters)

43
Q

Tissues are organized into ________.

A

Organs

44
Q

Organs are organized into ___________.

A

Organ Systems

45
Q

The HUMAN BODY contains ___ to ___ TRILLION CELLS

A

50-100

46
Q

This system is composed of GLANDS that secrete HORMONES.

A

Endocrine System

Ch.40 p.6 NOTES (illustration)

47
Q

NERVOUS V.S ENDOCRINE

                COMMUNICATION
A

NERVOUS:
• electrical impulses
• neurotransmitters

ENDOCRINE:
• blood stream
• hormones

48
Q

NERVOUS V.S ENDOCRINE

                        EFFECTS
A

NERVOUS:
• relatively LOCAL/SPECIFIC

ENDOCRINE:
• very GENERAL/WIDESPREAD

49
Q

NERVOUS V.S ENDOCRINE

                         SPEED
A

NERVOUS:
• reacts QUICKLY
• 1-10 msec

ENDOCRINE:
• reacts more SLOWLY
• SECONDS to DAYS

50
Q

NERVOUS V.S ENDOCRINE

                END OF STIMULUS
A

NERVOUS:
• stops QUICKLY

ENDOCRINE:
• may CONTINUE

51
Q

The ENDOCRINE system coordinates GRADUAL CHANGES throughout the body and sends signals for what FOUR (4) processes?

A

Growth/Development
Reproduction
Metabolic Processes
Digestion

52
Q

This is the ability to MAINTAIN a STABLE/CONSTANT internal ENVIRONMENT.

A

Homeostasis

53
Q

Give THREE (3) examples of HOMEOSTASIS.

A

Body Temperature
Blood pH
Glucose Levels

54
Q

What are the THREE (3) components of HOMEOSTATIC CONTROL MECHANISMS?

A

Receptor
Control Center
Effector

55
Q

This COMPONENT of HOMEOSTATIC control MECHANISMS monitors and DETECTS CHANGE in internal ENVIRONMENT.

A

Receptor

56
Q

This COMPONENT of HOMEOSTATIC CONTROL mechanisms PROCESS INFORMATION and DECIDES appreciate RESPONSE.

A

Control Center

57
Q

This is the CELL or ORGAN of HOMEOSTATIC control MECHANISMS that CARRIES out CORRECTIVE ACTION.

A

Effector

58
Q

What are the TWO (2) sources of heat for THERMOREGULATION?

A

Internal METABOLISM

External ENVIRONMENT

59
Q

These type of organisms rely on METABOLIC HEAT to MAINTAIN BODY TEMPERATURE.

A

ENDOtherms

60
Q

These types of organisms rely on EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT to MAINTAIN BODY TEMPERATURE.

A

ECTOtherms

61
Q

What are the ADVANTAGES and DISADVANTAGES of ENDOTHERMY?

A

ADVANTAGE: allowance to be ACTIVE

DISADVANTAGE: use MORE ENERGY to maintain homeostasis

62
Q

What are the ADVANTAGES and DISADVANTAGES of ECTOTHERMY?

A

ADVANTAGE: ability to CONTROL body TEMPERATURE

DISADVANTAGE: AT the WILL OF the temperature of the external ENVIRONMENT

63
Q

This is an animal’s ability to CONTROL HEAT EXCHANGE with surrounding ENVIRONMENT.

A

Thermoregulation

64
Q

What are the FOUR (4) PHYSICAL PROCESSES to EXCHANGE HEAT?

A

Radiation
Evaporation
Convection
Conduction

65
Q

What are the FIVE (5) major THERMOREGULATORY MECHANISMS?

A
  1. ) Insulation
  2. ) Circulatory Adaptations
  3. ) Evaporative Cooling
  4. ) Behavioral Adaptions
  5. ) Adjusting to METABOLIC HEAT LOSS
66
Q

This REDUCES the flow of HEAT between ANIMAL and ENVIRONMENT.

A

Insulation

67
Q

Give THREE (3) examples of INSULATION.

A

Skin/Hair
Feathers
Layers of Fat

68
Q

HEAT EXCHANGE is ___ to ___ times FASTER IN WATER.

A

50-100

69
Q

This is the major FLOW between INTERIOR and EXTERIOR BODY.

A

Circulation

70
Q

This CIRCULATORY ADAPTATION is an INCREASE in blood VESSEL DIAMETER.

A

VasoDIALATION

71
Q

True or False: vasodilation usual leads to heat loss.

A

TRUE,

vasoDIALATION leads to HEAT LOSS and INCREASES HEAT TRANSFER.

72
Q

This CIRCULATORY ADAPTION is a DECREASE in blood VESSEL DIAMETER.

A

VasoCONSTRICTION

73
Q

True or False: vasoconstriction decreases heat transfer.

A

TRUE,

vasoCONSTRICTION DECREASES heat transfer and usually MAINTAINS HEAT.

74
Q

This CIRCULATORY ADAPTATION is an ANTIPARALLEL ARRANGEMENT of BLOOD VESSELS.

A

Countercurrent Exchange (veins & arteries)

Ch.40 p.10 NOTES

75
Q

These BLOOD VESSELS carry WARM blood FROM BODY core.

A

Arteries

76
Q

These BLOOD VESSELS carry COOLER blood FROM EXTREMITIES.

A

Veins

77
Q

What are the THREE (3) types of CIRCULATORY ADAPTATIONS?

A

VasoDIALATION
VasoCONSTRICTION
Countercurrent Exchange

78
Q

This occurs when HEAT is LOST as water VAPOR.

A

Evaporative Cooling

79
Q

Give FOUR (4) examples of EVAPORATIVE COOLING.

A

Panting
Sweating
Mucous Secretion
Bathing/Wallowing

80
Q

These are changes in BEHAVIOR to deal with THERMOREGULATION.

A

Behavioral Adaptations

81
Q

Give FOUR (4) examples of BEHAVIORAL ADAPTATIONS.

A
  1. ) movement between CLIMATES
  2. ) HIBERNATION
  3. ) HUDDLING
  4. ) BATHING/WALLOWING
82
Q

This is a term for HEAT PRODUCTION.

A

Thermogenesis

83
Q

How can ENDOtherms ALTER THERMOGENESIS? (2)

A
  1. ) Shivering/Moving

2. ) HORMONES cause INCREASE in MITOCHONDRIAL ACTIVITY

84
Q

True or False: non-shivering thermogenesis involving hormones create ATP.

A

FALSE,

NON-SHIVERING thermogenesis involving hormones create HEAT, NOT ATP

85
Q

Why do animals require energy? (4)

A

Growth
Repair
Activity
Reproduction

Ch.40 p.11 NOTES (illustration)

86
Q

_________ ACQUIRE CHEMICAL ENERGY from ORGANIC molecules produced by OTHER ORGANISMS.

A

Heterotrophs

87
Q

This is the AMOUNT of ENERGY an ANIMAL USES in a unit of time.

A

Metabolic Rate

88
Q

This is the MINIMUM METABOLIC RATE for ENDOtherms.

A

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

89
Q

This is the MINIMUM METABOLIC RATE for ECTOtherms.

A

Standard Metabolic Rate (SMR)

90
Q

HUMANS require a MINIMUM of ____ to ____ kcal per day.

A

1,500 to 1,650 kcal

91
Q

An AMERICAN ALLIGATOR requires a MINIMUM of ___ kcal per day.

A

60 kcal

92
Q

True or False: larger animals require more chemical energy.

A

TRUE,

LARGER animals require MORE CHEMICAL ENERGY.

93
Q

True or False: smaller animals experience a greater energy cost to maintain body temperature.

A

TRUE,

SMALLER animals experience GREATER energy COST,

due an INVERSE relationship between ENERGY NEED and body SIZE

Principles of Biology II (15 decks)

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