Animal Form & Function Flashcards
This TISSUE is made up of densely PACKED CELLS and it PROTECTS, SECRETES and ABSORBS.
Epithelial Tissue
What are the FOUR (4) TISSUE TYPES?
Epithelial
Connective
Muscular
Nervous
Name the THREE (3) different SHAPES of EPITHELIAL TISSUE.
Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar
Name the THREE (3) different ARRANGEMENTS of EPITHELIAL TISSUE.
Simple
Stratified
Pseudo stratified
Identify the SHAPE and ARRANGEMENT of SKIN tissue cells.
Stratified
Squamous
KIDNEY TUBULES are what type of epithelial tissue?
Simple
Cuboidal
The RESPIRATORY TRACT is made up of what type of epithelial tissue?
Pseudo stratified
Columnar
The INTESTINES contain what type of epithelial tissue?
Simple
Columnar
This SEPARATES EPITHELIUM from UNDERLYING TISSUE.
Basement Membrane
What are the SIX (6) types of CONNECTIVE TISSUE?
- ) Loose Connective
- ) Fibrous Connective
- ) Cartilage
- ) Bone
- ) Adipose
- ) Blood
What is the FUNCTION of CONNECTIVE TISSUE? (4)
Connect
Surround
Anchor
Support
This part of CONNECTIVE TISSUE id a WEB of FIBERS embedded in a LIQUID, JELLY or SOLID.
Extracellular Matrix
What are the FUNCTIONS of the EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX? (3)
Provide STRUCTURE
PROTECTION
Mechanical STRENGTH
What are the THREE (3) types of CONNECTIVE tissue FIBERS?
Collagenous
Elastic
Reticular
Ch. 40 p.4 NOTES
This CONNECTIVE TISSUE is the mist WIDESPREAD and found THROUGHOUT the BODY.
Loose Connective
Ch. 40 p. 4 NOTES
True or False: loose connective tissue is highly vascular.
TRUE,
LOOSE CONNECTIVE tissue is HIGHLY VASCULAR.
What are the FUNCTIONS of LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE? (3)
BINDS EPITHELIA to underlying tissue
NUTRIENT & WASTE REMOVAL
HOLDS ORGANS in place
Where is FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE found?
Tendons
Ligaments
This type of CONNECTIVE TISSUE is made up of DENSELY PACKED COLLAGENOUS FIBERS.
Fibrous Connective Tissue
This type of FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE is responsible for BINDING BONES together.
Ligaments
This type of FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE is responsible for ATTACHING MUSCLES to BONES.
Tendons
This type of CONNECTIVE TISSUE is found in JOINTS, EARS and VERTEBRATE EMBRYOS.
Cartilage
Ch.40 p.5 NOTES
CARTILAGE is made up of a RUBBERY MATRIX of _______________.
Chondroitin
This CONNECTIVE TISSUE makes up the SKELETON of the body.
Bone Tissue
BONE TISSUE is made up of ____________ CONNECTIVE TISSUE.
Mineralized
True or False: bone tissue is hard and brittle.
FALSE,
BINE TISSUE is HARD but NOT BRITTLE and acts as a SCAFFOLDING for the body.
This type of CONNECTIVE TISSUE is FOUND THROUGHOUT the BODY and contains LIPIDS.
Adipose Tissue
What are the TWO (2) functions of ADIPOSE TISSUE?
Stores ENERGY as FAT
PADS & INSULATES the body
What is the LIQUID MATRIX of BLOOD made up of?
Blood Cells (red & white) Plasma
What is the FUNCTION of BLOOD?
Gas Exchange
Immune Protection
Blood Clotting
This TISSUE TYPE is responsible for most BODY MOVEMENT.
Muscle Tissue
Ch.40 p.5-6 NOTES
MUSCULAR TISSUE is made up of __________ cells specialized FOR CONTRACTION.
Elongated
What are the THREE (3) types of MUSCLE TISSUE?
Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth
____________ MUSCLE TISSUE is VOLUNTARY.
Skeletal
CARDIAC MUSCLE is ____________ and found in the HEART.
Involuntary
This type of MUSCLE TISSUE is INVOLUNTARY and is found in ORGAN WALLS, BLOOD VESSELS and IRIS.
Smooth Muscle
True or False: muscle tissue is a type of connective tissue.
FALSE,
MUSCULAR TISSUE is NOT a type of CONNECTIVE TISSUE.
True or False: muscles work in a pushing action.
FALSE,
MUSCLES DO NOT PUSH, they OLNY CONTRACT or RELAX
__________ muscle tissue is STRIATED.
Skeletal
This TISSUE TYPE is specialized for COMMUNICATION by ELECTRICAL and chemical signals.
Nervous Tissue
Ch.40 p.6 NOTES
These cells SUPPORT NEURONS.
Glial Cells
The FUNCTION of nerve cells of NERVOUS TISSUE is _________ and ________.
Control
Communication
True or False: nervous tissue is specialized for electrical signals but not chemical.
FALSE,
NERVOUS TISSUE communicates by BOTH ELECTRICAL & CHEMICAL signals (think neurotransmitters)
Tissues are organized into ________.
Organs
Organs are organized into ___________.
Organ Systems
The HUMAN BODY contains ___ to ___ TRILLION CELLS
50-100
This system is composed of GLANDS that secrete HORMONES.
Endocrine System
Ch.40 p.6 NOTES (illustration)
NERVOUS V.S ENDOCRINE
COMMUNICATION
NERVOUS:
• electrical impulses
• neurotransmitters
ENDOCRINE:
• blood stream
• hormones
NERVOUS V.S ENDOCRINE
EFFECTS
NERVOUS:
• relatively LOCAL/SPECIFIC
ENDOCRINE:
• very GENERAL/WIDESPREAD
NERVOUS V.S ENDOCRINE
SPEED
NERVOUS:
• reacts QUICKLY
• 1-10 msec
ENDOCRINE:
• reacts more SLOWLY
• SECONDS to DAYS
NERVOUS V.S ENDOCRINE
END OF STIMULUS
NERVOUS:
• stops QUICKLY
ENDOCRINE:
• may CONTINUE
The ENDOCRINE system coordinates GRADUAL CHANGES throughout the body and sends signals for what FOUR (4) processes?
Growth/Development
Reproduction
Metabolic Processes
Digestion
This is the ability to MAINTAIN a STABLE/CONSTANT internal ENVIRONMENT.
Homeostasis
Give THREE (3) examples of HOMEOSTASIS.
Body Temperature
Blood pH
Glucose Levels
What are the THREE (3) components of HOMEOSTATIC CONTROL MECHANISMS?
Receptor
Control Center
Effector
This COMPONENT of HOMEOSTATIC control MECHANISMS monitors and DETECTS CHANGE in internal ENVIRONMENT.
Receptor
This COMPONENT of HOMEOSTATIC CONTROL mechanisms PROCESS INFORMATION and DECIDES appreciate RESPONSE.
Control Center
This is the CELL or ORGAN of HOMEOSTATIC control MECHANISMS that CARRIES out CORRECTIVE ACTION.
Effector
What are the TWO (2) sources of heat for THERMOREGULATION?
Internal METABOLISM
External ENVIRONMENT
These type of organisms rely on METABOLIC HEAT to MAINTAIN BODY TEMPERATURE.
ENDOtherms
These types of organisms rely on EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT to MAINTAIN BODY TEMPERATURE.
ECTOtherms
What are the ADVANTAGES and DISADVANTAGES of ENDOTHERMY?
ADVANTAGE: allowance to be ACTIVE
DISADVANTAGE: use MORE ENERGY to maintain homeostasis
What are the ADVANTAGES and DISADVANTAGES of ECTOTHERMY?
ADVANTAGE: ability to CONTROL body TEMPERATURE
DISADVANTAGE: AT the WILL OF the temperature of the external ENVIRONMENT
This is an animal’s ability to CONTROL HEAT EXCHANGE with surrounding ENVIRONMENT.
Thermoregulation
What are the FOUR (4) PHYSICAL PROCESSES to EXCHANGE HEAT?
Radiation
Evaporation
Convection
Conduction
What are the FIVE (5) major THERMOREGULATORY MECHANISMS?
- ) Insulation
- ) Circulatory Adaptations
- ) Evaporative Cooling
- ) Behavioral Adaptions
- ) Adjusting to METABOLIC HEAT LOSS
This REDUCES the flow of HEAT between ANIMAL and ENVIRONMENT.
Insulation
Give THREE (3) examples of INSULATION.
Skin/Hair
Feathers
Layers of Fat
HEAT EXCHANGE is ___ to ___ times FASTER IN WATER.
50-100
This is the major FLOW between INTERIOR and EXTERIOR BODY.
Circulation
This CIRCULATORY ADAPTATION is an INCREASE in blood VESSEL DIAMETER.
VasoDIALATION
True or False: vasodilation usual leads to heat loss.
TRUE,
vasoDIALATION leads to HEAT LOSS and INCREASES HEAT TRANSFER.
This CIRCULATORY ADAPTION is a DECREASE in blood VESSEL DIAMETER.
VasoCONSTRICTION
True or False: vasoconstriction decreases heat transfer.
TRUE,
vasoCONSTRICTION DECREASES heat transfer and usually MAINTAINS HEAT.
This CIRCULATORY ADAPTATION is an ANTIPARALLEL ARRANGEMENT of BLOOD VESSELS.
Countercurrent Exchange (veins & arteries)
Ch.40 p.10 NOTES
These BLOOD VESSELS carry WARM blood FROM BODY core.
Arteries
These BLOOD VESSELS carry COOLER blood FROM EXTREMITIES.
Veins
What are the THREE (3) types of CIRCULATORY ADAPTATIONS?
VasoDIALATION
VasoCONSTRICTION
Countercurrent Exchange
This occurs when HEAT is LOST as water VAPOR.
Evaporative Cooling
Give FOUR (4) examples of EVAPORATIVE COOLING.
Panting
Sweating
Mucous Secretion
Bathing/Wallowing
These are changes in BEHAVIOR to deal with THERMOREGULATION.
Behavioral Adaptations
Give FOUR (4) examples of BEHAVIORAL ADAPTATIONS.
- ) movement between CLIMATES
- ) HIBERNATION
- ) HUDDLING
- ) BATHING/WALLOWING
This is a term for HEAT PRODUCTION.
Thermogenesis
How can ENDOtherms ALTER THERMOGENESIS? (2)
- ) Shivering/Moving
2. ) HORMONES cause INCREASE in MITOCHONDRIAL ACTIVITY
True or False: non-shivering thermogenesis involving hormones create ATP.
FALSE,
NON-SHIVERING thermogenesis involving hormones create HEAT, NOT ATP
Why do animals require energy? (4)
Growth
Repair
Activity
Reproduction
Ch.40 p.11 NOTES (illustration)
_________ ACQUIRE CHEMICAL ENERGY from ORGANIC molecules produced by OTHER ORGANISMS.
Heterotrophs
This is the AMOUNT of ENERGY an ANIMAL USES in a unit of time.
Metabolic Rate
This is the MINIMUM METABOLIC RATE for ENDOtherms.
Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)
This is the MINIMUM METABOLIC RATE for ECTOtherms.
Standard Metabolic Rate (SMR)
HUMANS require a MINIMUM of ____ to ____ kcal per day.
1,500 to 1,650 kcal
An AMERICAN ALLIGATOR requires a MINIMUM of ___ kcal per day.
60 kcal
True or False: larger animals require more chemical energy.
TRUE,
LARGER animals require MORE CHEMICAL ENERGY.
True or False: smaller animals experience a greater energy cost to maintain body temperature.
TRUE,
SMALLER animals experience GREATER energy COST,
due an INVERSE relationship between ENERGY NEED and body SIZE
