SOCY FALL EXAM WEEKS 6-12

Question 1

What are the 4 waves of feminism?

Answer 1

Wave 1. 19th early 20th century
Women surfers–Securing rights for women

Wave 2. 1960s - 1970s
Rights – to education, working outside the home, equal pay
During this time, birth control cannot play

Wave 3. 1990s -present
Began to challenge the white middle-class organization
Broadening the agenda of feminism as a movement to help the needs of working-class women and women of colour

Wave 4. 2010s - present
“Post-feminism”
The uptake on intersectional of understanding the struggle of women
Less focus on rights-based approaches but instead looking at news experiences
I.e .sexual assessment/violence, rape culture, body shaming,
We can not solely focus on gender, to understand the expenses of a women
Need to look at race, class, and education.

Question 2

What do the big three think about gender?

Answer 2

CONFLICT THEORY
How does gender contribute to economic inequality between men and women?
The distribution of power and resources. If women are being treated unequally, who is benefiting from it? (martially bending, economistic resources)

FUNCTIONALISM
* How does gendered differentiation contribute to social stability? What function do gender roles and norms serve?
That doesn’t mean that gender roles are good, it’s about what function they play whether it be good or bad or neutral

SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM
How does gender affect our everyday interactions? How is gender socially constructed?
How our understanding of gender changes, formed by our interaction, and how they impact the way we act towards others

Question 3

What is standpoint theory and why it has been critiqued

Answer 3

MAIN PREMISE:
Marginalized people have a unique standpoint based on their marginalized identity. Women have a unique point of view that can deepen insight into women’s experiences, oppression, and liberation

Researching women, allows those values to be the center of that restretch as opposed to research’s basis, making research more objective.

CRITIQUES:
There is not a universal experience of being a “woman”. Not all women experience being a woman in the same way.

1. Is a single standpoint coherent for expressing the situation of women?
2. What forms does this discourse take and who is the presumed speaker in these situations? (i.e., whose standpoint is represented?)
3. Argues that this view of a standpoint is a simplistic model of ideology and oppression

Question 4

What are the Tenetes of CRT (Delgado and stefancic 2023)

Answer 4

1. Racism is ordinary
   The usual way society does business is an everyday experience for most people of colour in the United States.
   A permit feature of American society, because it is ordinary, it is hard to address or cure because it is often not acknowledged
2. Our system of ‘white-over-colour’ serves important purposes for the dominant group
   Because racism interests white higher-ups and working working class white people large section of society has little interest in removing it.
3. Social construction thesis
   Race is a product of social relations rather than something other than something objective, inherited or fix
   Race are category made for whenever it is needed to change or mix
4. People of colour have a unique voice, one that needs to be heard
   Native storytelling and questions are all essential companies in the elaboration of people of colour

Question 5

EXAMPLES OF SPIN-OFF MOVEMENTS (Delgado & Stefancic, 2023)

Answer 5

field of education
political studies
women’s / gender studies
Cultural studies

“Unlike some academic disciplines, CRT contains an activist dimension. It tries not only to understand our social situation, but to change it, setting out not only to ascertain how society organizes itself along racial lines and hierarchies, but to transform it for the better.”

Question 6

What are some Concepts from Collins (e.g. the outsider when a matrix of domination)

Answer 6

• Focused specifically on the experiences of Black women in academia
• The act of inclusion is an outcome of power relation
• Presence DOES NOT EQUAL Inclusion (representation vs. meaningful inclusion)
• Repression is important, but unless their voices are rehearsed they are not fully included.
• As outsiders within, Black women scholars occupy strategic positions allowing them:
• Objectivity
  It allows them to look at academia from an outside perspective (because it was not built for them)
• People’s tendency to confide in strangers
  It also forwards Black women for people to be confined in them, able to learn about insiders perceptive
• Ability to see things that those too immersed cannot
  Black women scholars provide analysis of race, class, and gender, and it is this that allows black feminist thought

Question 7

Main premises of Black feminist thought

Answer 7

• Although this was made for Black women this can help those with the perspective of Black men and white women
• Ideas produced by Black women’s standpoints for Black women. One cannot separate the thought of BFT from Black women’s lived experiences (hence BFT must be produced by Black women)

3 THEMES OF BFT:
1. Self-definition and self-valuation
Self-definition – resisting external stereotypes of Black women
Self-valuation – replacing degrading images with authentic representations
2. Matrix of domination/intersectionality
MoD – coexistence of power and privilege
3. Importance of BFT for Black women’s culture

Question 8

Understanding Smith’s research through imperial eyes (e.g. topics argued to be subsumed into Western knowledge; main 3 takeaways as outlined in lecture)

Answer 8

1. Gender and Race
   Gender was first produced by Geeks and Romans
   the effects of the Indigenous people are still relevant today
   the product of knowledge that comes from colonialism and imperialism kept the whites dominant due to the rules created
   racism was created by man and his science
2. The Individual and society
   Western society believes that they are the most dominant compared to other countries
   What makes ideas “real” is the system of knowledge, formations of culture, and relations of power in which these concepts are located – these ideas constitute reality
3. Conception of Time and Space
   -western created time and space – no the Indigenous
   - space is physical psychological, and theoretical

• the knowledge that we know is based off of colonialism and imperialism
• we have come to understand “knowledge” through Western values and narratives
• western knowledge inaccurately reflects the histories and experiences of indigenous people.

Question 9

Postivim and interpretivism

Answer 9

POSTIVIM
Macro
-Often quantitative
-“Bad Science”
Every rationally, justifiable assertion can be scientifically verified
the belief that phenomena can be analyzed and researched objectively and that research should not be subjective
does not care about others experiences

INTERPRETIVISM
Mico
-qualitative (Interviews, etc)
the practice of seeking out subjective meanings and interpretations as main sources of knowledge
studying the meaning is important to understand society

Question 10

GENDER TROUBLE (1990)
GENDER IS

Answer 10

Socially constructed (not inherent attributes)
Gender categories are not actualities of individuals but a series of Socially constructed behaviours within Western society.

Historical
Gender has changed differently throughout history, and are notion of gender changed over time.

Restricted
Gendre possibilities are not open, your gender identity and how you express yourself are restricted by social, cultural, and institutional power dramatic

Performative
. you are born with a sex, but gender is born through a relational nature

Question 11

Gender and essentialism (what does it mean in the context to forte gender)

Answer 11

Gender essentialism refers to the belief that gender is biologically determined –it is immutable and cannot be changed
gender is immunity (can not be changed) and it is biologically determined
TERF = Trans Exclusionary Radical Feminists

Queey theory seeks to challenge the essentialist notion of, and rather than wanting rights, a queer theorist in their want to challenge the system that created it in the first place.

Question 12

Critiques of queer theory (Ryan 2020)

Answer 12

• Has it gone too far by focusing on the discursive production of identities?
• We shouldn’t reject political action based on identity
• It can be inaccessible
• It is often generated by white middle-class intellectuals working in university settings in economically elite countries (Westernized)

Question 13

What do the big three think of Queer theory?

Answer 13

FUNCTIONALISM –if queer sexualities were adopted on a large scale (as opposed to heterosexuality), procreation may eventually cease

CONFLICT THEORY –gender and sexuality are used as tools by elites to exploit those in marginalized positions to maintain power and wealth

SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM –sexual behaviour and gender markers are symbolic and only have meaning to people’s interpersonal relationships and interactions with one another
Would we need to perform gender if we were not performing for someone?

Question 14

Knowledge of the roots of intersectionality and intersectional activism

Answer 14

• Comes from COMBAHEE RIVER COLLECTIVE
• A Black Lesbian organization active in the 1970s
• “The most general statement of our politics at the present time would be that we are actively committed to struggling against racial, sexual, heterosexual, and class oppression, and see as our particular task the development of integrated analysis and practice based upon the fact that the major systems of oppression are interlocking.”

Question 15

Working understanding of CRENSHAW and the law and the ways various forms of discrimination intersect

Answer 15

MAIN ARGUMENT:
* Coined the term intersectionality (invoking the metaphor of an intersection) to critique how our existing understandings of Black women’s oppression are unidirectional
* Black women’s experiences with discrimination are both similar to and different from Black men and White women
* The American legal system at that time, measured black women.
Not a single access of oppression
* If a Black woman were to stand on the blue dot and got hit, the legal system would not know which to choose racism or sexism) they are only able to pick one, but both matter at the same time.

Question 16

Ways of knowing

Answer 16

Informal Observation
Occurs when we make observations without any systematic process for observing or assessing the accuracy of what we observed

Selective Observation
Occurs when we see only those patterns that we want to see or when we assume that only the patterns we have experienced directly exist

Overgeneralization
Occurs when we assume that broad patterns exist even when our observations have been limited

Authority
A socially defined source of knowledge that might shape our beliefs about what is true and not true

Research Methods
An organized, logical way of learning and knowing about our social world

Question 17

understanding of dependent vs. independent variables

Answer 17

Independent variable –variable hypothesized to influence another
Dependent variable –variable subject to the influence of another
E.g. Binge drinking (IV) negatively affects school performance (DV), such that if a student engages in more binge drinking per week, their grades will be lower.

Question 18

Steps in the research process

Answer 18

Define the problem
Review the literature
Formulate research questions/hypotheses
Selecting the research design
Developing the conclusion

Question 19

Types of data collection (e.g. quant/quil, survey interviews, content analysis etc) and how these may relate to positivist vs. interpretivism approaches to research

Answer 19

1. Interviews
   Face-to-face or via telephone
   Can be quantitative or qualitative
2. Questionnaire
   *Online, in-person, or by mail
   *Usually anonymous
   *Quantitative
3. Field Research –research that involves observing and studying social behaviour in settings where it occurs naturally
4. Experiment
   Experimental group –exposed to the independent variable
   *Control group –not exposed to the independent variable

*Secondary Analysis –research techniques that make use of previously collected data and publicly accessible information to answer new research questions
*Content Analysis –systematic coding and objective recording of data guided by some rationale (research objective)

Question 20

Knowledge of the main rational theories we discuss ( social control, strain, differential association, labelling)

Answer 20

Social Control –the techniques and strategies for preventing deviant human behaviour in any society

STRAIN THEORY (MERTON, 1938)
Merges conflict and functionalist perspectives to explain how people achieve their goals through means (either socially acceptable or unacceptable).

DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION (SUTHERLAND, 1939)
Emphasizes that individuals learn criminal behaviour by interacting with others
Basic Premise – people are more likely to engage in norm-defying behaviour if they are part of a group or subculture that stresses deviant behaviour values (e.g., street gangs)
As such, criminal behaviour is learned, not inherited; it is learned in interaction with others who communicate (a) the logistics/techniques of committing the crime, and (b) the motives and rationalizations for the crime

LABELLING THEORY, PRIMARY AND SECONDARY DEVIANCE
​​Primary & Secondary Deviance (Lemert, 1951; 1967)
Primary – any behaviour that departs from a social norm, yet causes no long-term consequences for the individual (no societal reaction or stigmatization)
We do not see ourselves as deviant or others have not stigmatized us as deviant
Secondary – when a violation of social norms is coupled with the realignment of an individual’s self-concept with deviance itself (internalizing the deviant label being applied)

Question 21

Working understanding of both reading and racial approaches to criminology

Answer 21

*
TRADITIONAL largely focused on individual criminal conduct (uncovering why
individuals commit crime) and the efficacy of criminal justice measures (e.g., program
evaluations for policy practices)

CRITICAL views crime as a consequence of social and economic institutions, processes
of labelling, and meaning-making

While both Merton’s strain theory and Lemert’s labelling theory (primary & secondary
deviance) cover these factors, the focus remains on why individuals commit crimes as opposed
to critiquing the structures responsible for these inequalities and labelling processes

Feminist criminology emerged to address two main problems with existing
criminological literature:
The Gender Ratio Problem
The Generalizability Problem

INTERSECTIONAL CRIMINOLOGY
Feminist criminologists must use an intersectional theoretical framework informed by multiracial feminism to understand the linkages between inequality and crime, emphasizing that intersecting systems of race, class, and gender shape how people act, their opportunities, and their behavior.

QUEER CRIMINOLOGY
PROBLEM: There is very limited criminological
research with considers LGBTQ2S+
populations
RESPONSE: LGBTQ2S+ individuals have unique experiences due to their gender and sexual identities, which can be better understood and addressed through criminological inquiry.

Question 22

Knowledge of Alexanfer’s (2012) main arguments including the causes and consequences of the mass incarceration of people of colour in America

Answer 22

1. The War on Drugs is a form of racialized social control (e.g., mandatory minimum sentences for powder vs. crack cocaine)
2. Incarceration has grown at exponential rates and drug offenders make up the majority of the prison population
3. White people use and sell more drugs, but Black and Brown people make up the overwhelming majority of drug-related incarcerations
4. Cops have too much power (discretion) in deciding where, when, and whom to arrest
5. Sociologists have been complicit in justifying the concentration of arrests in low-income and racialized neighbourhoods
6. Colour-blind racism enables the courts to systematically challenge claims of racial biases

Question 23

What socialization is and what is transmitted through the socialization process

Answer 23

1. Attitudes
2. Values
3. Behaviours

It varies from culture to culture
Socialization Process = heredity (nature) + environment (nurture)

Is an individual’s behaviour and development the result of genetic inheritance (biological factors) or upbringing and life experience (environmental factors)?

Question 24

Theories on components of the self Freud

Answer 24

ID > animalistic (I want X)
Basic instincts
Ego > responds to desires expressed by ID (I take X)
I want, I take
Superego > Morality (is it acceptable to take X?

Question 25

Theories on components of the self
Mead

Answer 25

We learn who we are by interacting with others. We…
1. Imagine how we present ourselves to others
2. Imagine how others evaluate us based on these presentations
3. Define ourselves as a result of these impressions

Question 26

Theories on components of the self
Cooley

Answer 26

The I – our acting self; the part of the self that walks, reads, sings, smiles, etc.
Any action we take
2. The Me – our socialized self; the part of the self that plans actions, and judges performance, based on the standards we have learned in interaction with others (i.e., our internalization of how others in society expect us to behave)

1. Preparatory stage (0-3)
   Development through imitations moves towards understanding the use of basic symbols
2. Play stage (3-5)
   Children through play present themselves to be other people (if a child is playing house, they are presenting to be a parent or sibling that they know) understanding that some relations involve roles, and can image the perspective of that person (acting like mom).
3. Game stage (6-9)
   Children can start to think of several tasks or relationships at the same time, and children understand the generalization of others. To begin people have multiple roles (she may be a mom, but she is also a wife and sister; the role of mother extends outside your house).

Question 27

Goffman’s dramaturgy

Answer 27

Front Stage – an idealized display whenever outsiders are present (this is where you engage in impression management)
You alter yourself to become the ideal one

Impression management – altering the presentation of yourself as the idealized version

Back Stage – who you are when relaxed in guarded secrecy (solitude); your true self
On your own, your true self

Question 28

rituals

Answer 28

Types of Interaction Rituals (Geiser 2001 reading):
1. Presentation rituals – person depicts appreciation of the recipient
E.g compliments, acknowledging someone, expressing appeasing
2. Avoidance rituals – individual respects the privacy of others through distancing behaviours
Respect the privacy of others through distances
E.g. limited eye contact
3. Maintenance rituals – reaffirm the well-being of a relationship
Maintain relationship
E.g. arrange a get-together with an old friend
Plan an interaction to keep the relationship
4. Ratification rituals – mark the passage of an individual from one status to another
E.g. celebrate the message when people get married, graduate, or have a child
5. Access rituals – employed when people transition in and out of states of increased access to one another
E.g greeting hello/saying goodbye when leaving

Question 29

Knowledge of how poverty is measured (Canada globall

Answer 29

• ABSOLUTE – the lack of resources that leads to hunger and physical deprivation

Not meeting the standard to survive
- RELATIVE – a deficiency in material and economic resources compared with some other person or population
Having a rich friend

• (Overall in Canada) Market Basket Measure (MBM) – based on the cost of a specific basket of goods and services representing a modest, basic standard of living. It included the costs of food, clothing, footwear, transportation, shelter, and other expenses for a reference family.

Question 30

Bourdieu’s forms of capital (1986)

Answer 30

Economic Capital
Money – economic status, initialized by owning land (property)
Cultural Capital
Exposed to different cultures, cultural goods, well-rounded education

Embodied state
quality s of your mind and body (the way you look, accent, mannerisms, poster), self-improvement

Objectified state
Marital objects – well-read, art
Institutionalized state
education – institutional of cultural capital

Social Capital
Your relationship with others (connections with others)
The ability in which it can be converted into economic capital
E.g Nepo babies

Symbolic Capital
Some form of region with the other three (e.g. honour)
Dendns on how many people have access to it
Some form of repositioning of that knowledge (degree (BA))

Question 31

elements of material and non-martial culture
(including an understanding of Culture lag)

Answer 31

MATERIAL —- Physical or technological aspects of our daily lives
Cultural lag – period of adjustment when nonmaterial culture is struggling to adapt to new conditions of the material culture
E.g., AI, Cyberbullying, Internet privacy and censorship

NON-MATERIAL — Ways of using material objects as well as customs, ideas, expressions, beliefs, knowledge, philosophies, patterns of communication, etc.
Language – systems of shared words and symbols, including non-verbal communication (and non-variable –waving, thumbs ups)
Values – collective conceptions of what is good, desirable, and proper in a culture
Norms – established standards of behaviour maintained in a society
Formal (written– laws)
Informal (generally understood knowledge but not recorded – deviance going agonist norms, not law)
Mores ( norms depend on higher necessity for society – the production of murder and child abuse
Folkways (norms that govern our everyday behaviour – traffic laws but also informal – fashion, manners)

Question 32

6 ELEMENTS OF SOCIAL STRUCTURE

Answer 32

1. Statuses – socially defined and ranked positions within a society
   Ascribed – signed to people at birth by society e.g. race, ethicality, gender, etc
2. Achieved – status or positions that we have the ability the change our lifetime e.g lawyer, artist, musician
3. Master – struts that donate all others, and alter deminers a person’s positions in society. E.g. disable people find that people look at them ONLY as disabled (their main feature).
4. Social Roles – expectations for people who occupy certain social statuses – assume a medical doctor can save your life, or bartender can make you a drink
   Groups – people who interact with similar norms, values, and expectations (culture groups, sports teams, society, bands).
   In-group – any group you feel like you belong
   Out-group – any group in which people feel like they do not belong, or those who do not belong in your ingroup (high school clicks)
5. Social Networks – social relationships that link people
6. Virtual Worlds – the maintenance of social networks electronically
7. Social Institutions – an organized pattern of beliefs and behaviour centred on basic social needs