SOCCY 122 A Midterm Units 1-5 Flashcards
Alienation of the worker
From the product of their labour
Alienation from their These products are not owned by the Lakers but by the bourgeois
Not actually prodigy a full product (also alienated)
I.e Amason- they are not keeping the product
From the labour process (their working activity)
What they’re doing in their job (the act of working)
It is external to you and it does not belong to you ( you are working for someone else)
The freedom of who and when you work. Under Caplism, the proaleted must work as and when the employer requires
Amazon– alisoute between workers
From their species being (themselves)
Those who are under caplismsi exist only as a means to survive
Marx believes that satisfying work is an essential part of being human- is a part of life’s purpose
“You are what you do”
Where you work is unattached for yourselves, and you do not enjoy it and you don’t see others enjoying it you going to become alienation form life’s purpose
The conducted and freedom are removed from it
Amazon— the radiation of work, there is nothing Sadifeing of being on an assembly line, just trying to survive
From other human beings/workers
Under capitalism, workers are encouraged to compete against each other for jobs
Also, compation to make better products and profits and provided cheaper labor
I.e Amazon– compassion between dlilvering drivers,
WHY IS ALIENATION AN ISSUE?
Labour does not only produce commodities (i.e., products) but also produces the worker as a commodity.
The more products they make, the cheaper their labour will become
Marx believes that continuing to making products, it poses
Cheap labour is a commodity by capitalist through which material goods are produced
MARX ON ALIENATION
Increased division of labour during industrialization
- Alienation of the worker
From the product of their labour
Alienation from their These products are not owned by the Lakers but by the bourgeois
Not actually prodigy a full product (also alienated)
I.e Amason- thay are not keeping the product - From the labour process (their working activity)
What they’re doing in their job (the act of working)
It is external to you and it does not belong to you ( you are working for someone else)
The freedom of who and when you work. Under Caplism, the proaleted must work as and when the employer requires - From their species being (themselves)
Those who are under caplismsi exist only as a means to survive
Marx believes that satisfying work is an essential part of being human- is a part of life’s purpose
“You are what you do”
Where you work is unattached for yourselves, and you do not enjoy it and you don’t see others enjoying it you going to become alienation form life’s purpose
The conducted and freedom are removed from it - From other human beings/workers
Under capitalism, workers are encouraged to compete against each other for jobs
Also, compation to make better products and profits and provided cheaper labor
I.e Amazon– compassion between dlilvering drivers,
HOW DO WE OVERCOME ALIENATION?
Emancipation of society from private property. Private property is central to capital accumulation and class distinctions – therefore, eliminating private property will also eliminate class struggle.
If the bougies were eliminated as class, people could no longer expoldied for their labour
DURKHEIM
- Accredited for having made sociology into a discipline (institutionalizing sociology)
- Considered the ‘forefather’ of functionalism
DURKHEIM ON SOCIAL FACTS III (3 RULES FOR STUDYING SOCIAL FACTS)
- One must systematically discard all preconceptions→→
- One must precisely define the subject matter based on its inherent properties→↑
- One must be objective in study, outside of one’s own ideas or subjective experiences
TYPES OF SUICIDE:
- Egoistic – results from the lasting feeling of being integrated into the community and not belonging (excessive personalization)
People can be left out or review little report
i.e un-marriage men (most common) - Altruistic – happens due to feelings of being overwhelmed by a group’s (society’s) goals and beliefs. Occurs in a highly integrated society where the needs of individuals are considered less important than the needs of society as a whole
i.e Death by military service – putting the needs of others before yourself - Anomic – Anomie is a social condition in which there is a disappearance or disintegration of the norms and values previously common to a society (normlessness)
Mass employment
COVID-19 (everything that we previously used and operated was destroyed)
i.e Those who are more stable are less likely to commit suicide - Fatalistic – occurs when people are placed under extreme rules or high expectations which remove their sense of self or individuality (opposite of anomic)
Less realistic more theoretical
Happens when people are under extreme rules and lose themselves
I.e. Joining a cult
FOUR KEY IMPLICATIONS OF SUICIDE 1897
- Demonstrates the power of sociology as a science for explaining and predicting social behaviour
- Exemplifies and confirms Durkheim’s strengths of sociological method (e.g., objectivity)
- Confirms the idea that society is greater than the sum of its parts
- Shows that collective representations/consciousness impact how people internalize ways of seeing the world and ultimately guide and control peoples’ behaviour
SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM AS A MICRO PERSPECTIVE
SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM:
Individual > Society – individuals shape society through interactions and interpretations
STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONALISM:
Society > Individual – society shapes individuals and is a separate (coercive) entity from individuals
3 KEY DIMENSIONS OF THE POWER STRUGGLE: (The 3 Ps)
- Paper (money, classes)
- Prestige (status groups)
Those who have social standing or hour (cloundet)
Different than class because you can still have social status - Power (parties)
Asplished groups with shared goals and interests
Based on class or status
Different than status groups due to being more formal
MORRIS – 6 CRITIQUES OF THE HOLY TRINITY
- They were complicit in racist discourse
and Racist production of knowledge - They assumed a universal white subjectivity
Onlying writing about white people for white people (thinking it was a universe experience) - They did not analyze the subaltern experience and agency
People they did not analyze it they could not peridot the civil rights movement and consider the role of race in our social structures - They did not use intersectional frameworks
Only looked at the class, with no constation for race, gender, sexuality, disability, etc - They ignored structural patterns of domination outside of class
Weber was the closest to discussing this, there is no dissipation of gender or sexuality play in the three p’s - They lacked a transnational perspective
Writing from a neon peresctive in the west
DU BOIS – KEY CONCEPTS
- THE COLOUR LINE
Suggests that all aspects of modernity are racialized, including the state and economy. The problem is that of the colour line rather than class divide (as expressed by Marx). - THE VEIL
The existence of a barrier prohibiting genuine understanding and equality between Black people and White people
Another term for racial segregation of black people - DOUBLE CONSCIOUSNESS
People of colour being conscious of both themselves and their unique identities and of how White people see them from behind the veil.
MACRO VS MICRO – WHAT’S THE DIFFERENCE?
MACRO Perspectives:
Focus on wider social systems and structures
Why are social systems structured
More top-down: Society is a identity and how society impacts individuals
MICRO Perspectives:
Deal with small-scale human interactions
Bottom-up: How do the small-scale interactions we have with each other affect society
SOCIOLOGY & ‘THE BIG THREE’ PERSPECTIVES
CONFLICT THEORY
Society is unbalances
- struggles for power and resources, which led to iniquity and extortion, which made conflict
Macro p.o.v - look at society at a wide scale
How are why unable groups exist,
How the perlived exbplixt the unperivd
Ex. capitalism, prative poverty, etc
FUNCTIONALISM
Society is balanced – society is made up of several interdependent parts, which function exactly as they should to create and maintain social order
How the structures of society maintain the structure of sciety
Everything structures as it should.
MACRO Perspective
How the differences as society works as a whole to maintain society
Social order
INTERACTIONISM
Society is a network made up of everyday social interactions. Such interactions shape individuals, identities, and shared meanings of the social world. MICRO Perspective
How our society operates
Scales human interactions and how the impacts its shown broad
CRITIQUES OF ‘THE BIG THREE’ PERSPECTIVES
CONFLICT THEORY
Reduces inequality to material inequality
Class financial wealth
Does not show that inequality can be social
FUNCTIONALISM-Utopian
No real consequences in society
Uses inequality as social cohesion
INTERACTIONISM- No focus on structure
Not thinking about the bigger picture
ADDING FEMINISM TO THE CANON
The Feminist Perspective:
Highlights the role of gender in creating and sustaining inequality
Gender as an organizing principle of the social world
Both MACRO & MICRO perspective
Men whole power, and women are excluded from it
“FOREFATHERS” OF SOCIOLOGY
Old whites dudted around the ealry 20 century
Auguste Comte – founed of sociology - coin the word
Karl Marx – satna “conflict theory creator” infleuces marxist today
Max Weber – both conflict and INTERACTIONISM
Emile Durkheim – instualtion soilogaly as a displine and formather of fucntionlism
CRITIQUES OF THE BIG THREE
- Global differs- the civilization of advanced citizens and the other citizens which was its presence
Ex. Cologiners and Ingenious– based towards the indigenous - Writing from the perspective of an imperialist
- ALL from “Why are classical classical”
PRIVATE TROUBLES VS. PUBLIC ISSUES
PRIVATES TROUBLES
Disability
Mental health
internal conflict
Loss
Work effect
Addiction
Debut
PUBLIC ISSUES
Poverty
Homeless
Gender inequality
Racism
Inasspabity of Education
Housing crases
Inflation
Education
Climate Change
MILLS & THE SOCIOLOGICAL IMAGINATION
Term founded in 1959
Came of that we have this problem that individuals view the world from their limited perceived
Ex. “School is easy”- someone who got high grades in high school and got into queens
Is school easy for everyone
Who trends school be easy for?
What factors tend to make school easy? Ex stabilizing home life, family support, economic status
- Linking personal biography ( persona history) with history (our time period) and social structures
TYPES OF SOCIOLOGY
Inclusive
Representation
Politics of location
Who is winning at life
l
Critical
Conflict theory
Marxist
The primary question of critical context
Structural inequality
Interdisciplinary
Social of health, gender studies, social studies, etc
Public
More consideration with rather care for research od academic =, more with community partners, and “for the people”
There is not right or wrong way to sociology
Marx’s German Ideology
5 Movede of Production
Tribalism - hunting and graving of community, a little difference among gender but not exponation of class
Althouugh roles where split non where higher than the other
Shift to farming, class starts to come along
Ancient Communal - minnianing, the better ability ot create and transport goods and services, e.x trade groups.
The two class as staysman and slaves (e.e Graces and Roman).
Feudalism- increase in producing goods, more to lords and serfs
Serfs are those who lived on land than live on mound, and were rewaired to work for the lords that owned the land
Capitalist
Where were are today
Global market economy and the acmuatly of wealth and captable
Bourgeoise and proletaritat those who own cpalal and those who do not
Socialism?Communism
This will evadully happened ‘
Once it does no more class, and explanation of labour
History as cyclical
CLASS CONSCIOUSNESS & REVOLUTION
CLASS CONSCIOUSNESS:
An awareness of your own class relative to others as well as an understanding of the economic rank of the class to which you belong in the context of larger society.
The catalyst in which revolution will take place
This can lead people to become aware of their role in the production process
Also, see how you are being perceived by improlers
Seeing how you are being explozited– has to protial to act as a potential political modavtier
REVOLUTION
Class consciousness is the catalyst for the proletariats’ revolutionary action.
TYPES OF FUNCTIONS
MANIFEST FUNCTIONS – the intended and recognized consequences of some elements of society.
LATENT FUNCTIONS – the unintended and unrecognized (hidden) consequences of an element of society.
FUNCTION VS. DYSFUNCTION
Function will like at things what we see as dysfunction and see that it does serice a prose for society
EXAMPLE: Crime
Dysfunctional –Violence, imprisonment, and breaking the law are dysfunctional such that they go against society’s norms *
Functional – As a form of social regulation, crime leads to an awareness of shared moral bonds, thus increasing social cohesion
FUNCTIONALISM
A sociological perspective emphasizing that society’s parts are necessarily structured to maintain its stability.
Functionalists view society as a vast network of connected parts, each of which helps to maintain the system as a whole.
Society need soical consion to function
The role of structural functionalists?
To identify and promote the sources and forms of social cohesion in society.
I.e government, school, family, church, law enforcement
Roles and society serve the purpose
Each is instability for that society as a whole
It views society as greater than some of its parts
Society is external to the individuals in it, and this stems form the idea that there is a social focus that is bigger than society that shapes our experiences
Collective Consciousness
refers to the totality of beliefs and sentiments common to the average members of a society. These form a determinate system with a life of its own.
Stems form the idea that the whole is greater than its parts, to the collective consciousness is not the same as an individual consciousness and not the same as multiple consciousnesses are added together.
Durkem says that it exists outside the individual society
Collective Representations
- refers to the ways in which a group thinks of itself in its relationships with the objects which affect it (i.e., symbols a group or society uses to think of and visualize itself).
Social facts are:
- Objective & observable
Must be “things’
examples : gender roles, hierrachy, beauty standrds, equittes, values around education, love/ relationship, define and view family, laws racsializtion, religion, marriage, - External and precede individuals
Exernl to the individual members of society - Coercive
The have power over us, impact the way we act - Collective
Habits, values, etc.
What are Social Facts?
“a social fact is every way of acting, fixed or not, capable of exercising on the individual an external constraint; or again, every way of acting which is general throughout a given society, while at the same time existing in its own right independent of its individual manifestations.”
ALIENATION & ANOMIE – WHAT’S THE DIFFERENCE?
Alienation – the estrangement of a person from their work, themselves, and others
Anomie – disintegration of norms or values (‘normlessness’) causing a lack of one’s attachment to society
Solution to anomie Durkhman and functionalist
while Mrxs is the cause of alienation
CRITIQUES OF FUNCTIONALISM
- Not critical (sunshine sociology, utopian?)
Durkham was writing in his time (he was privileged)
Has to consider how society does not function for - Ignores or downplays major issues in society
Its suggues we are acting base on sicl perssuers and doesn’t correct for indivsiaon acnecgy.
3 MAIN PREMISES OF SYMBOLIC INTERACTION (BLUMER, 1969)
3 MAIN PREMISES OF SYMBOLIC INTERACTION (BLUMER, 1969)
1. Human beings act towards things on the basis of the meanings they ascribe to those things
Everything in our social environment, physical objects, other human beings, categories of human beings (friends, family) institutions, beliefs and values
- Meanings are products of social interaction (meaning does not emanate from the intrinsic makeup of the thing, rather it arises in the process of interaction between people)
meaning has different sources and it arises between instructing different people
Meaning are social products
I.e. Dogs, cute, friendly, fury, pets, loyal, hard work
Another the fury is nothing that makes up a dog
It is made up of your own interactions with dogs and others interactions with dogs - Meanings are handled and modified (created and recreated) through an interpretive process used by the person in dealing with the things they encounter
I.e You have a bad experiences with a dog, but you still love dogs
Your feelings towards dogs are interprets by those interactions
This change over time
Symbolic interaction views society as symbols that people use to aspect enaing, and devp view about the world and communicate with one another
EXAMPLES OF SI THEORIES
Labelling Theory (Howard Becker 1963 Outsiders)
a social condition or group is viewed as problematic because it is labelled as such.
“Deviance is not a quality of the act the person commits, but rather a consequence of the application by others of the rules and sanctions to an “offender”. The deviant is one to whom that label has been successfully applied; deviant behaviour is behaviour that people so label.” – Becker, 1963
Unless people in society preserve you as deviance, that’s when you are considered deviant
Social Constructionism (Berger & Luckman 1966 The Social Construction of Reality)
Reality is socially constructed by individuals who interpret the social world around them.
Society is a social creation rather than an objective given.
Ideal Types –What are they?
A common, distanced, yet meaningful set of concepts through which to interrogate human action and the entities that help shape it
A methodological model for the perfect version of a given phenomenon
e.g. deviance similar definition no matter where you’re getting the information
Criminoloist had created a share vocally for a better understanding
The pursuant of obsessive knowledge, can help reduce subjective on the social world
TYPES OF LEGITIMATE DOMINATION (HEERSCHAFT)
Rational legal – objective, calculable, and without regard for persons (e.g., bureaucracy)
E.g the rule of law, goven code
Traditional – following the direction of people who have historically been given that role (e.g., Kings, religious leaders)
Summiting to othdity becauase the people with hisotrucal power has history
Charismatic – wholly affective authority that is subjective and imprecise; people surrender themselves to its power because they are motivated personally to do so (e.g., a war lord, Trump)
Its they way the people are perives that they gain followers
THE SOULS OF BLACK FOLK
Du Bois asked the question ‘how does it feel to be a problem?’ and produced scholarship to answer this question.
Emphasizes marginalized standpoints, vividly describes whiteness and otherness, highlights agency and resistance, underscores structural inequality
MORRIS & THE STUDY OF ASA PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESSES
To exemplify the pedestal that ‘the big three’ are placed on in comparison to the work of Du Bois, Morris looked at all ASA presidential addresses to determine how often presidents mentioned each theorist:
* Marx mentioned 91 times
Durkheim mentioned 87 times beginning in 1911
Weber mentioned 76 times beginning in 1943
Du Bois mentioned 45 times, first in 1976, not again until 2000
