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UNI FIRST YEAR SEM 1 > MC WEEK 8 > Flashcards

MC WEEK 8 Flashcards

1
Q

Which part of the eye controls the size of the pupil?

A) Retina
B) Iris
C) Lens
D) Cornea

A

B) Iris
Explanation: The iris, the colored part of the eye, regulates the size of the pupil in response to light intensity by constricting or dilating.

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2
Q

Which visual neurons help us see in dim light?

A) Rods
B) Cones
C) Bipolar cells
D) Ganglion cells

A

A) Rods
Explanation: Rods are visual neurons highly sensitive to weaker and shorter-waved light, assisting in vision in dim light conditions.

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3
Q

What process keeps the light entering the eye focused on the retina?

A) Refraction
B) Visual accommodation
C) Focal adjustment
D) Convergence

A

B) Visual accommodation
Explanation: Visual accommodation involves changing the lens’s curvature to ensure that incoming light remains focused on the retina while viewing near or distant objects.

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4
Q

What problem is corrected when a person is nearsighted?

A) The focus is behind the retina
B) The focus is on the retina
C) The focus is in front of the retina
D) The focus is distorted within the retina

A

C) The focus is in front of the retina
Explanation: Nearsightedness occurs when the focus is in front of the retina, causing distant objects to appear blurry.

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5
Q

Where are cones primarily located in the eye?

A) Around the edges of the retina
B) In the peripheral vision
C) In the optic nerve
D) In and around the fovea

A

D) In and around the fovea
Explanation: Cones, specialized in detecting fine detail and colors, are primarily located in and around the fovea, the central point of the retina.

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6
Q

Which neurons respond to black, white, and gray colors?

A) Rods
B) Cones
C) Bipolar cells
D) Ganglion cells

A

A) Rods
Explanation: Rods are visual neurons specialized in detecting black, white, and gray colors.

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7
Q

Where is the visual cortex located in the brain?

A) Frontal lobe
B) Parietal lobe
C) Occipital lobe
D) Temporal lobe

A

C) Occipital lobe
Explanation: The visual cortex, responsible for processing visual information, is located in the occipital lobe at the back of the brain.

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8
Q

How does the visual cortex fill the blind spot in our vision?

A) By enlarging the surrounding areas
B) By decreasing the surrounding areas
C) By removing the blind spot entirely
D) By filling in similar patterns from the surrounding areas

A

D) By filling in similar patterns from the surrounding areas
Explanation: The visual cortex fills in the blind spot with similar patterns from the surrounding areas, allowing seamless vision even with a blind spot.

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9
Q

What are feature detector neurons specialized in?

A) Recognizing colors only
B) Responding to touch sensations
C) Detecting specific visual stimulus characteristics
D) Interpreting auditory cues

A

C) Detecting specific visual stimulus characteristics
Explanation: Feature detector neurons are specialized in responding to specific characteristics of visual stimuli like angles, shapes, and movements.

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10
Q

What purpose do parallel line feature detectors serve?

A) Detecting shapes
B) Detecting colors
C) Recognizing faces
D) Recognizing edges and lines

A

D) Recognizing edges and lines
Explanation: Parallel line feature detectors respond to edges and lines in visual stimuli, contributing to the recognition of these elements.

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11
Q

What phenomenon does the Mona Lisa’s smile demonstrate?

A) Different perception based on attention
B) Distinct emotional responses
C) Unique painting techniques
D) Varying interpretations of art

A

A) Different perception based on attention
Explanation: The perception of Mona Lisa’s smile varies based on where attention is directed, highlighting different processing capacities of the eye’s rods and cones.

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12
Q

Why does the visual cortex process information from both eyes in both hemispheres?

A) To optimize depth perception
B) To create a unified image
C) To enhance color perception
D) To facilitate peripheral vision

A

B) To create a unified image
Explanation: Processing visual information from both eyes in both hemispheres helps in creating a unified image, contributing to a comprehensive perception of the visual world.

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13
Q

According to Hermann von Helmholtz’s theory, what creates the experience of color?

A) Rods in the retina
B) Mix of three types of cones
C) Bipolar cells in the optic nerve
D) Ganglion cells in the visual cortex

A

B) Mix of three types of cones
Explanation: Von Helmholtz’s theory suggests that color perception is a result of the visual cortex comparing signals from three types of cones: red-sensitive, green-sensitive, and blue-sensitive, present in the retina.

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14
Q

Which theory proposes the idea of sensory information analysis based on three sets of “opponent colors”?

A) Gestalt theory
B) Trichromatic color theory
C) Opponent-process color theory
D) Depth perception theory

A

C) Opponent-process color theory
Explanation: The opponent-process color theory suggests that sensory information is analyzed in terms of three pairs of opponent colors: red-green, yellow-blue, and white-black.

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15
Q

What is the role of the gestalt principle in perception?

A) Recognizing colors accurately
B) Seeing more than the sum of individual parts
C) Identifying three-dimensional shapes
D) Judging distance accurately

A

B) Seeing more than the sum of individual parts
Explanation: The gestalt principle emphasizes that perception forms a meaningful whole greater than the sum of its individual parts, influencing how we perceive objects.

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16
Q

How does the opponent-process theory explain the afterimage phenomenon?

A) Retinal image disparity
B) Differences in retinal images
C) Excitation and inhibition of specific color neurons
D) Gestalt principles of perception

A

C) Excitation and inhibition of specific color neurons
Explanation: The afterimage phenomenon is explained by the opponent-process theory through the excitation of certain color receptors (e.g., red) and the simultaneous inhibition of others (e.g., green).

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17
Q

What visual mechanism helps perceive depth cues based on differences between images projected onto each eye?

A) Binocular depth cues
B) Monocular depth cues
C) Retinal disparity
D) Motion detection

A

A) Binocular depth cues
Explanation: Binocular depth cues depend on the differences between images projected onto each eye, utilizing retinal disparity to perceive depth.

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18
Q

Which cue requires both eyes to work in judging depth?

A) Accommodation
B) Convergence
C) Retinal disparity
D) Monocular depth cues

A

B) Convergence
Explanation: Convergence, the inward turning of eyes, helps in judging depth and requires both eyes to work together.

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19
Q

What does accommodation primarily assist in determining?

A) Object’s color
B) Object’s shape
C) Object’s distance
D) Object’s brightness

A

C) Object’s distance
Explanation: Accommodation, involving the lens’s curvature change, helps determine an object’s distance based on the information relayed from the muscles attached to the lens.

20
Q

What type of motion detection depends partly on the changing size of an image on the retina?

A) Relative brightness detection
B) Collision detection
C) Beta effect detection
D) Phi phenomenon detection

A

B) Collision detection
Explanation: Collision detection relies on the changing size of an image on the retina to coordinate motion, allowing organisms to navigate and interact with moving objects.

21
Q

Which theory explains the perception of motion through images presented in succession?

A) Phi phenomenon theory
B) Beta effect theory
C) Gestalt theory
D) Trichromatic color theory

A

B) Beta effect theory
Explanation: The beta effect theory explains the perception of motion through the presentation of different images in succession, filling in the missing parts to create the illusion of movement.

22
Q

What age group was involved in Eleanor Gibson and Richard Walk’s depth perception study?

A) 6 to 14 years
B) 1 to 3 years
C) 6 to 14 months
D) 1 to 3 months

A

C) 6 to 14 months
Explanation: Gibson and Walk tested depth perception in infants aged between 6 and 14 months using a visual cliff mechanism.

23
Q

Which psychologists proposed the idea of gestalt principles?

A) Eleanor Gibson and Richard Walk
B) Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, and Wolfgang Köhler
C) Hermann von Helmholtz
D) Howard and Rogers

A

B) Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, and Wolfgang Köhler
Explanation: Wertheimer, Koffka, and Köhler were psychologists who introduced the idea of gestalt principles, emphasizing that wholes are more significant than the sum of their parts.

24
Q

What helps us perceive depth using only one eye, as mentioned in the text?

A) Relative brightness
B) Collision detection
C) Monocular depth cues
D) Retinal disparity

A

C) Monocular depth cues
Explanation: Monocular depth cues allow us to perceive depth using only one eye and include various cues like relative size, linear perspective, texture gradient, and more.

25
Q

Which term describes the integration of information from multiple sensory modalities?

A) Bimodal perception
B) Unimodal perception
C) Multimodal perception
D) Monomodal perception

A

C) Multimodal perception
Explanation: Multimodal perception refers to the integration of information from multiple sensory modalities into a unified perception of an event or object.

26
Q

In the context of multimodal perception, what does the Principle of Inverse Effectiveness indicate?

A) Weak response to each component results in smaller enhancement
B) Weak response to each component leads to a larger enhancement
C) Strong response to each component results in larger enhancement
D) Strong response to each component leads to a smaller enhancement

A

B) Weak response to each component leads to a larger enhancement
Explanation: The Principle of Inverse Effectiveness suggests that when responses to individual components of a stimulus are weak, the opportunity for multisensory enhancement is greater.

27
Q

Which brain regions contain neurons that respond to stimuli from multiple sensory modalities?

A) Unimodal zones
B) Multimodal convergence zones
C) Sensory-specific regions
D) Singular sensory nodes

A

B) Multimodal convergence zones
Explanation: Multimodal convergence zones in the brain contain neurons that respond to stimuli from more than one sensory modality, enabling the integration of information.

28
Q

What role does the superior colliculus play in multisensory perception?

A) It processes unimodal information separately.
B) It integrates visual and auditory information.
C) It sends information to unimodal processing regions.
D) It has no relation to sensory integration.

A

B) It integrates visual and auditory information.
Explanation: The superior colliculus serves as a multisensory convergence zone, integrating inputs from different brain regions involved in unimodal processing.

29
Q

How does the brain typically process information from separate sensory modalities during an event like a car crash?

A) Independently and separately
B) Only through unimodal processing regions
C) Without integrating sensory information
D) By combining and treating it as a unitary representation

A

D) By combining and treating it as a unitary representation
Explanation: During events like a car crash, the brain tends to integrate information from various sensory modalities into a unified perception rather than processing them independently.

30
Q

What does the superadditive effect of multisensory integration imply?

A) Responses to unimodal stimuli are greater than multimodal stimuli.
B) Combined response to multimodal stimuli equals unimodal responses.
C) Responses to multimodal stimuli are greater than the sum of unimodal responses.
D) Responses to unimodal stimuli are independent of multimodal stimuli.

A

C) Responses to multimodal stimuli are greater than the sum of unimodal responses.
Explanation: The superadditive effect indicates that responses to multimodal stimuli surpass the combined responses to the individual unimodal stimuli.

31
Q

When does the opportunity for multisensory enhancement typically increase, according to the Principle of Inverse Effectiveness?

A) Strong unimodal responses
B) Weak unimodal responses
C) Simultaneous unimodal responses
D) Independent unimodal responses

A

B) Weak unimodal responses
Explanation: The Principle of Inverse Effectiveness suggests that when individual unimodal responses are weak, the potential for multisensory enhancement increases.

32
Q

Which theoretical question about multimodal perception concerns the neurobiology behind it?

A) How stimuli are combined in the brain.
B) How unimodal processing regions communicate.
C) How stimuli are detected by sensory organs.
D) How individual sensory systems function independently.

A

A) How stimuli are combined in the brain.
Explanation: Theoretical questions about multimodal perception often involve understanding how information from different sensory modalities is integrated in the brain.

33
Q

What does the text suggest about stimuli from unrelated events during perception?

A) They are often integrated together.
B) They are rarely associated with the main event.
C) They lead to confusion and misinterpretation.
D) They are perceived as part of the main event.

A

B) They are rarely associated with the main event.
Explanation: Stimuli from unrelated events during perception are typically not associated or integrated with the main event, leading to separate perceptual interpretations.

34
Q

Which brain region plays a significant role in processing both auditory and visual components of speech?

A) Superior temporal sulcus
B) Prefrontal cortex
C) Visual association cortex
D) Hippocampus

A

A) Superior temporal sulcus
Explanation: The superior temporal sulcus contains neurons that respond to both the auditory and visual components of speech, contributing to multimodal processing.

35
Q

What is the term used to describe the region of space around a perceiver to which a neuron responds?

A) Focal area
B) Stimulus zone
C) Neural field
D) Receptive field

A

D) Receptive field
Explanation: The region around a perceiver to which a neuron responds specifically is referred to as its receptive field.

36
Q

What happens when a stimulus is presented outside of a neuron’s receptive field?

A) The neuron increases its firing rate.
B) The neuron decreases its firing rate.
C) There is no effect on the neuron’s firing rate.
D) The neuron’s receptive field expands.

A

C) There is no effect on the neuron’s firing rate.
Explanation: If a stimulus is presented outside a neuron’s receptive field, it does not affect the neuron’s firing rate.

37
Q

What is neural convergence concerning multisensory neurons?

A) The process of sensory information separation.
B) The merging of information from multiple neurons onto a single neuron.
C) The segregation of visual and auditory pathways.
D) The independence of receptive fields in different sensory modalities.

A

B) The merging of information from multiple neurons onto a single neuron.
Explanation: Neural convergence refers to the combination of information from multiple neurons onto a single neuron, often observed in multisensory neurons.

38
Q

What defines the receptive fields of multisensory neurons?

A) The overlap of unimodal receptive fields
B) The independence of unimodal receptive fields
C) The location in space of the stimulus
D) The duration of crossmodal stimuli

A

A) The overlap of unimodal receptive fields
Explanation: The receptive fields of multisensory neurons are defined by the overlap of receptive fields from neurons in different sensory pathways.

39
Q

What role does the spatial principle of multisensory integration play?

A) It involves the timing of crossmodal stimuli.
B) It explains the neural convergence of unimodal neurons.
C) It highlights the importance of spatially related stimulation for multisensory enhancement.
D) It defines the receptive fields of unimodal neurons.

A

C) It highlights the importance of spatially related stimulation for multisensory enhancement.
Explanation: The spatial principle of multisensory integration emphasizes that multisensory enhancement occurs when stimuli are spatially related to each other.

40
Q

What factor influences multisensory enhancement in neurons?

A) Similarity in the receptive fields of unimodal neurons
B) Dissimilarity in the spatial locations of stimuli
C) Simultaneous arrival of inputs from different senses
D) Differences in the convergence zones’ locations

A

C) Simultaneous arrival of inputs from different senses
Explanation: Multisensory enhancement in neurons is influenced by the simultaneous arrival of inputs from different sensory modalities.

41
Q

What did the Sumby and Pollack (1954) study demonstrate about audiovisual presentation?

A) Visual speech information is more informative than auditory speech.
B) The accuracy of identifying spoken words is better in the auditory-alone condition.
C) The audiovisual condition enhances word identification, especially in noisy environments.
D) The audiovisual condition has no effect on word identification.

A

C) The audiovisual condition enhances word identification, especially in noisy environments.
Explanation: Sumby and Pollack’s study demonstrated that the audiovisual condition significantly improves word identification, particularly in noisy settings.

42
Q

What is the McGurk effect concerning audiovisual speech?

A) It involves the influence of prior experience on speech perception.
B) It demonstrates the dominance of visual over auditory information.
C) It shows the integration of conflicting visual and auditory speech cues.
D) It represents the mislocalization of auditory stimuli.

A

C) It shows the integration of conflicting visual and auditory speech cues.
Explanation: The McGurk effect illustrates how conflicting visual and auditory speech cues are integrated, leading to altered speech perception.

43
Q

What is the rubber hand illusion used to demonstrate?

A) Multisensory integration in tactile and visual perception
B) Spatial principles of unimodal tactile perception
C) The independence of visual and auditory modalities
D) The limitations of proprioceptive feedback

A

A) Multisensory integration in tactile and visual perception
Explanation: The rubber hand illusion demonstrates multisensory integration in tactile and visual perception by inducing a sense of body ownership of a rubber hand.

44
Q

Which phenomenon does the ventriloquism effect exemplify?

A) The dominance of auditory over visual information
B) The accurate localization of auditory stimuli
C) The misattribution of the location of auditory stimuli
D) The suppression of visual information by auditory cues

A

C) The misattribution of the location of auditory stimuli
Explanation: The ventriloquism effect demonstrates the misattribution of the location of auditory stimuli due to the precise visual location overriding less specified auditory location.

45
Q

What is the primary finding of the double flash illusion (Shams et al., 2000)?

A) Auditory stimuli influence the number of visual flashes perceived.
B) Visual stimuli influence the number of auditory beeps heard.
C) Auditory and visual stimuli are independent of each other.
D) The number of visual flashes does not affect auditory perception.

A

A) Auditory stimuli influence the number of visual flashes perceived.
Explanation: The double flash illusion demonstrated that the number of heard auditory beeps influenced the number of perceived visual flashes.

46
Q

How did Sekuler, Sekuler, and Lau (1997) show the influence of auditory stimuli on visual perception?

A) By altering the intensity of auditory stimuli
B) By demonstrating the independence of auditory and visual stimuli
C) By using auditory stimuli to influence tactile perception
D) By presenting an auditory stimulus alongside ambiguous visual stimuli

A

D) By presenting an auditory stimulus alongside ambiguous visual stimuli
Explanation: Sekuler et al. demonstrated that an auditory stimulus presented at the time of visual contact strongly influenced the perception of a collision event, indicating the influence of auditory stimuli on visual perception.

47
Q

What is the focus of crossmodal speech effects?

A) Increased recognition of visual speech patterns
B) Altered processing of unimodal stimuli due to prior experience with alternate sensory patterns
C) Recognition of auditory-alone speech in the absence of visual cues
D) The independence of auditory and visual speech information

A

B) Altered processing of unimodal stimuli due to prior experience with alternate sensory patterns
Explanation: Crossmodal speech effects involve altered processing of unimodal stimuli due to prior experience with alternate sensory patterns,

UNI FIRST YEAR SEM 1 (21 decks)

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