PSYC Week 1

Question 1

Describe how scientific research has changed the world.

Answer 1

Scientific research has changed the world with the gain of knowledge and behaviour of the human body.

impact on medical fields, food and agriculture, social sciences, and communications

Question 2

Describe the key characteristics of the scientific approach.

Answer 2

1. Systematic observation
   Core of science
   Means the phenomenon we observe
   Was systematic due to trying to observe in control conditions
   because we are able to see various phenom and understand when they do and don’t occur
2. Observation leads to the hypothesis we consist
   We take theories and hypnosis and test them
   3 Science is democratic
   Science is open-minded
   Foes off of discussions, theories and observation
   Best argument wins
   4, Science is cumulative
   We learn from the past and build for the future.

Question 3

Discuss a few of the benefits as well as problems that have been created by science

Answer 3

Pros- informs public policy and personal decisions on energy, conservation, agriculture, health, transportation, communication, defence, economics, leisure, and exploration

Con- Science was not always has ethical has it is now, and held a bias on certain groups too.

Question 4

Describe how psychology science has improved the world

Answer 4

To help people create lives for themselves
they have created a more productive and satisfaction

Question 5

Discuss a number of ethical guidelines that psychologists follow.

Answer 5

1. Informed consent
   -they should know what study they are in and have a choice to partake in it
2. Confidentiality
   wha t research lean should not be public without consent
3. Privacy
   Should not take place in a private area without consent
4. Benefits
   Consider the benefits and risk of the experiment
5. Deception
   They have to hide some face about their study for the participants to learn.

Question 6

Compare and contrast conclusions based on scientific and everyday inductive reasoning

Answer 6

Everyday inductive reasoning uses “common sense/knowledge” rather than data and research to back up the claim

Question 7

Understand why scientific conclusions and theories are trustworthy, even if they are not able to be proven.

Answer 7

Scientific conclusions are trustworthy because is are data that was collected, and when it was wrong, a discovery was made, but just in a different form.

Question 8

Articulate what it means to think like a psychological scientist, considering qualities of good scientific explanations and theories.

Answer 8

• You need a hypothesis/ theory,
• You need to think of every possibility for questions and reason why it did not work
• You need to collect data

Question 9

Discuss science as a social activity, comparing and contrasting facts and values.

Answer 9

Facts are the data collected from research, and values are the beliefs

Question 10

Describe the precursors to the establishment of the science of psychology.

Answer 10

Philopther John Lock and Thomas Reid
How the mind comes with acquired knowledge
Herman von Helmholtz
physiologist –explored the psychology of hearing and version
Wilhelm Wundt
Promote psychology in experimental field by providing textbooks, classes, and lab training

Question 11

Identify key individuals and events in the history of American psychology.

Answer 11

Brod Ticherner – brought structuralism over to America
Focus on the adult mind (leaving out women and children and animals)
William James – founder of functionalism
Wrote principles of psychology (most important in psychology).
G. Stanglt Hall – FOunded the first psychology lab and journal
James Cattell – study individual differences
Max Wertherinaer – Gestalt psychology
Skinner and Watson – Behaviourism
Pavlov – Classical conditioning
Frederic C. Bartelt – explored to constructive mind
Wilhelm Waunt – founder of clinical and school psychology

Question 12

Describe the rise of professional psychology in America.

Answer 12

Wasn’t limited to metal testing by applied in different settings ( business, industry, military, etc)
1917 the first look at training psychology
After WW2 – increase for mental health providers
Boulder conferences – doctoral training
Cail conferences – Psy. D. degree

Question 13

Recognize the role of women and people of color in the history of American psychology.

Answer 13

Margaret Washburn 00 first woman in American to earn a Ph.D. in psychology (second woman president of APA)

Mary Callions – studied with James but was not granted her a Ph.D. due to being a woman (first women president of APA)

Franci Cecil Summer – first POC to earn a Ph.D. in psychology

Mamie and Kenneth Clark – study the effect segregation had on black children in school – study helped end segregation
Evening Hooker – wrote The Adustrant of the Male Ouvert Homosexual” to help removed homosexuality from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Health Disorders

Question 14

Type II error

Answer 14

In statistics, the error of failing to reject the null hypothesis when it is false.

false negative
(e.g. you think the building is not on fire, and stay inside, but it is burning)

Question 15

Type I error

Answer 15

In statistics, the error of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true.
false positive

e.g. convict someone of a crime when they are actually innocent.

or
the test result says you have coronavirus, but you actually don’t.

Question 16

Systematic observation

Answer 16

the careful observation of the natural world with the aim of better understanding it.

Observations provide the basic data that allow scientists to track, tally, or otherwise organize information about the natural world.

THE KEY OF SCIENCE

Question 17

Empirical methods

Answer 17

Approaches to inquiry that are tied to actual measurement and observation.

Question 18

Anecdotal evidence

Answer 18

A piece of biased evidence, usually drawn from personal experience, used to support a conclusion that may or may not be correct.

Question 19

Causality

Answer 19

In research, the determination that one variable causes—is responsible for—an effect.

Question 20

Empirical

Answer 20

Concerned with observation and/or the ability to verify a claim.

Question 21

Falsify

Answer 21

In science, the ability of a claim to be tested and—possibly—refuted; a defining feature of science.

Question 22

Null-hypothesis significance testing (NHST)

Answer 22

A
In statistics, a test created to determine the chances that an alternative hypothesis would produce a result as extreme as the one observed if the null hypothesis were actually true.

Question 23

Inductive reasoning

Answer 23

A form of reasoning in which a general conclusion is inferred from a set of observations (e. g., noting that “the driver in that car was texting; he just cut me off then ran a red light!” (a specific observation), which leads to the general conclusion that texting while driving is dangerous).

Question 24

Generalize

Answer 24

In research, the degree to which one can extend conclusions drawn from the findings of a study to other groups or situations not included in the study.