PSYC Week 1 Flashcards
Describe how scientific research has changed the world.
Scientific research has changed the world with the gain of knowledge and behaviour of the human body.
impact on medical fields, food and agriculture, social sciences, and communications
Describe the key characteristics of the scientific approach.
- Systematic observation
Core of science
Means the phenomenon we observe
Was systematic due to trying to observe in control conditions
because we are able to see various phenom and understand when they do and don’t occur - Observation leads to the hypothesis we consist
We take theories and hypnosis and test them
3 Science is democratic
Science is open-minded
Foes off of discussions, theories and observation
Best argument wins
4, Science is cumulative
We learn from the past and build for the future.
Discuss a few of the benefits as well as problems that have been created by science
Pros- informs public policy and personal decisions on energy, conservation, agriculture, health, transportation, communication, defence, economics, leisure, and exploration
Con- Science was not always has ethical has it is now, and held a bias on certain groups too.
Describe how psychology science has improved the world
To help people create lives for themselves
they have created a more productive and satisfaction
Discuss a number of ethical guidelines that psychologists follow.
- Informed consent
-they should know what study they are in and have a choice to partake in it - Confidentiality
wha t research lean should not be public without consent - Privacy
Should not take place in a private area without consent - Benefits
Consider the benefits and risk of the experiment - Deception
They have to hide some face about their study for the participants to learn.
Compare and contrast conclusions based on scientific and everyday inductive reasoning
Everyday inductive reasoning uses “common sense/knowledge” rather than data and research to back up the claim
Understand why scientific conclusions and theories are trustworthy, even if they are not able to be proven.
Scientific conclusions are trustworthy because is are data that was collected, and when it was wrong, a discovery was made, but just in a different form.
Articulate what it means to think like a psychological scientist, considering qualities of good scientific explanations and theories.
- You need a hypothesis/ theory,
- You need to think of every possibility for questions and reason why it did not work
- You need to collect data
Discuss science as a social activity, comparing and contrasting facts and values.
Facts are the data collected from research, and values are the beliefs
Describe the precursors to the establishment of the science of psychology.
Philopther John Lock and Thomas Reid
How the mind comes with acquired knowledge
Herman von Helmholtz
physiologist –explored the psychology of hearing and version
Wilhelm Wundt
Promote psychology in experimental field by providing textbooks, classes, and lab training
Identify key individuals and events in the history of American psychology.
Brod Ticherner – brought structuralism over to America
Focus on the adult mind (leaving out women and children and animals)
William James – founder of functionalism
Wrote principles of psychology (most important in psychology).
G. Stanglt Hall – FOunded the first psychology lab and journal
James Cattell – study individual differences
Max Wertherinaer – Gestalt psychology
Skinner and Watson – Behaviourism
Pavlov – Classical conditioning
Frederic C. Bartelt – explored to constructive mind
Wilhelm Waunt – founder of clinical and school psychology
Describe the rise of professional psychology in America.
Wasn’t limited to metal testing by applied in different settings ( business, industry, military, etc)
1917 the first look at training psychology
After WW2 – increase for mental health providers
Boulder conferences – doctoral training
Cail conferences – Psy. D. degree
Recognize the role of women and people of color in the history of American psychology.
Margaret Washburn 00 first woman in American to earn a Ph.D. in psychology (second woman president of APA)
Mary Callions – studied with James but was not granted her a Ph.D. due to being a woman (first women president of APA)
Franci Cecil Summer – first POC to earn a Ph.D. in psychology
Mamie and Kenneth Clark – study the effect segregation had on black children in school – study helped end segregation
Evening Hooker – wrote The Adustrant of the Male Ouvert Homosexual” to help removed homosexuality from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Health Disorders
Type II error
In statistics, the error of failing to reject the null hypothesis when it is false.
false negative
(e.g. you think the building is not on fire, and stay inside, but it is burning)
Type I error
In statistics, the error of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true.
false positive
e.g. convict someone of a crime when they are actually innocent.
or
the test result says you have coronavirus, but you actually don’t.
Systematic observation
the careful observation of the natural world with the aim of better understanding it.
Observations provide the basic data that allow scientists to track, tally, or otherwise organize information about the natural world.
THE KEY OF SCIENCE
Empirical methods
Approaches to inquiry that are tied to actual measurement and observation.
Anecdotal evidence
A piece of biased evidence, usually drawn from personal experience, used to support a conclusion that may or may not be correct.
Causality
In research, the determination that one variable causes—is responsible for—an effect.
Empirical
Concerned with observation and/or the ability to verify a claim.
Falsify
In science, the ability of a claim to be tested and—possibly—refuted; a defining feature of science.
Null-hypothesis significance testing (NHST)
A
In statistics, a test created to determine the chances that an alternative hypothesis would produce a result as extreme as the one observed if the null hypothesis were actually true.
Inductive reasoning
A form of reasoning in which a general conclusion is inferred from a set of observations (e. g., noting that “the driver in that car was texting; he just cut me off then ran a red light!” (a specific observation), which leads to the general conclusion that texting while driving is dangerous).
Generalize
In research, the degree to which one can extend conclusions drawn from the findings of a study to other groups or situations not included in the study.
