Sociology paper 3 Education

Question 1

What is the 1870 forster education act?

Answer 1

made education compulsory for 5-10 years and free

Question 2

What is the butler education act?

Answer 2

made education free for 5-15 year olds, tripartite system that goes included grammar schools, secondary modern and technical schools. tests were done that either allowed you to go into secondary school or grammar school

Question 3

What is the comprehensive system 1965?

Answer 3

Everyone goes to secondary schools, grammar schools still existed

Question 4

What is the education reform act 1988

Answer 4

brought by thatcher, reduced state control of schools and influenced parentocracy, schools are marketed like a business and compete with other schools

Question 5

What do functionalists suggest primary and secondary schools do?

Answer 5

socialise children and prepare them for work

Question 6

What is durkheim moral education argument?

Answer 6

education is used to create a shared feeling of unity due to shared norms and values by studying certain subjects

Question 7

What is durkheims division of labour argument?

Answer 7

education is used to prepare children for the division of labour and provide industrial skills

Question 8

What is Parsons argument?

Answer 8

children are assessed through universal exams to show their value to society. This is achieved through education and value consensus, individual achievement (increased competition) and equality of opportunity (children are treated equally)

Question 9

What is kingsley, davis and wilbert moores argument on role allocation?

Answer 9

education selects and grades people for their future role in society

Question 10

What is Davis and Moore argument

Answer 10

Jobs can only be performed by a select few people depending on degree of dependence (how many people need you to perform your job)

Question 11

What is Bowles and Gintis argument?

Answer 11

inequalities go through social reproduction and will appear again in future generations under capitalist rule. Future workers are taught to be obedient and accept inequalities through discipline, motivation and hierarchy. This is the hidden curriculum

Question 12

What is Willis argument?

Answer 12

Education makes young people obey to the capitalist system however some working-class boys’ rebel against education in exchange for physical labour jobs. This is seen as shop floor culture.

Question 13

What is Althusser argument?

Answer 13

Education persuades young people to accept their place within the capitalist system by making inequality look fair and legitimate.

Question 14

What is social democrat Halseys argument?

Answer 14

even after all the improvements in education middle class children are still at an advantage

Question 15

What is Spenders argument?

Answer 15

Women are invisible in education including the workforce and learning in education

Question 16

What is liberal feminist Newman and Huxleys argument?

Answer 16

education should not only prepare us for work but instead should help us become well rounded people

Question 17

What is Radical feminist Illich argument?

Answer 17

Society should be completely deschooled and those who want to learn and teach can do so informally 1 on 1

Question 18

How is social class attainment measured?

Answer 18

UCAS AND FREE SCHOOL MEALS

Question 19

What is Smith and Nobles argument on material factors?

Answer 19

Low income children fall behind in school due to poor health and not being able to afford school equipment

Question 20

What is Blanden and Gregg argument on material factors?

Answer 20

the lower the income you make increases the probability of achieving lower grades by 3-4%

Question 21

What is Callender and Jacksons argument on material factors?

Answer 21

2000 higher education students interviewed and found that 10% of applications were dropped due to fear of debt

Question 22

What is Feinsteins argument on cultural factors in education?

Answer 22

Class differences and class culture was the most significant in affecting a childs education due to how much parents were interested in their childs education due to their own struggles in education

Question 23

What is Evans argument on cultural factors in education?

Answer 23

Working class parents wanted their child to do good in education however they lacked the formal knowledge and teaching methods which made children less prepared for schools

Question 24

What is Bernsteins argument on cultural factors?

Answer 24

Restricted and elaborated code. Working class children fall behind in education as they are restricted to the restricted code whilst middle class are able to understand elaborated code.

Question 25

What is Bordieu’s argument on cultural factors?

Answer 25

The education system gives more status of knowledge associated with the working class and exams are used to eliminate working class from the system due to not having the right cultural knowledge

Question 26

What is Hargreaves et al argument on teacher expectations?

Answer 26

Stages of teacher classification such as speculation, working hypothesis, elaboration and stabilisation which are used to negatively judge students especially working class

Question 27

What is Gillborn and Youdell argument on teacher expectations?

Answer 27

Bright working class students are placed into lower brackets based on their attitudes which means they have lower educational achievement due to lower teacher expectations

Question 28

What is Dunne and Gazeley’s argument on teacher expectations?

Answer 28

88 pupils labelled as underachievers where 70% were working class

Question 29

What is William and bartholomew argument on grouping and setting?

Answer 29

Higher sets of classes gave certain children an advantage whilst lower sets resulted in lower educational achievement which put some people at a disadvantage

Question 30

What is Hargreaves argument on school subcultures?

Answer 30

Conformists and delinquents - working class students or underperforming students would become delinquents to gain status in the lower streams of education.

Question 31

What is Woods argument on subcultures?

Answer 31

different types of conformists and delinquents where some conformists were good in behaviour but lacked motivation whilst some delinquents were not confrontational but would reject tasks to do other things

Question 32

What is Mac and Ghaill argument on school subcultures?

Answer 32

Groups of students - academic achievers who were pro school and performed well. Macho lads were anti school subculture and were masculine. Enterprisers only focused on certain subjects that were vocationally relevant

Question 33

What is Platts argument on ethnic material factors?

Answer 33

ethnic groups are higher in poverty and are less likely to get employed which affects those in education

Question 34

What is Modood argument on ethnic cultural factors?

Answer 34

Many parents such as asian or indian parents use their cultural capital in order to perform better in education

Question 35

What is archer and francis argument on ethnic cultural factors?

Answer 35

Chinese students are the highest performing ethnic group due to parents investing support and time in supporting their childs education

Question 36

What is Strands argument on ethnic cultural factors?

Answer 36

Immigrant families such as bangladeshi and pakistani families perform better in education as it is valued higher compared to white working class who may believe education will not change anything

Question 37

What is Sewell’s argument on ethnic cultural factors?

Answer 37

Masculine street culture adopted by black families is an explanation for anti school attitudes and therefore falling behind in education

Question 38

What is Gillborn and Youdells argument on ethnic teacher expectations?

Answer 38

Teachers have lower radicalised expectations of ethnic students and are blamed more for disciplinary problems

Question 39

What Did the New Right (Thatcher) introduce to improve education?

Answer 39

Youth training schemes
NVQ For workplace skills to raise the vocational qualifications
1988 Education reform Act introduced open enrolment where you could choose any school and allowed schools to manage their own budget. League tables and ofsted introduced to improve school standards

Question 40

What did New Labour (Blair) Introduce to improve education?

Answer 40

Sure start to provide disadvantaged families with support
Excellence in cities gave funds to city schools to boost attainment which increased it by 11%
Academies to boost attainment in disadvantaged areas
EMA allowed weekly cash allowance for struggling families
Higher education allowed loans to be pulled for fees
Specialist schools introduced
Continuation of league tables

Question 41

What did the Coalition government do for education?

Answer 41

Closed sure start and EMA
increase in academies as schools were allowed anytime
free schools funded by the state
increased loan amount to £3000 to £9000
Pupil premium which gave funding to children to reduce inequality