Psychology Memory

Question 1

What is the capacity, encoding and duration of STM?

Answer 1

Capacity = 7 +/-2 items
Duration = 3-18 seconds
Encoding = Acoustic

Question 2

What is the capacity, encoding and duration of LTM?

Answer 2

Capacity - Limitless/unlimited
Duration - long/lifetime
encoding - semantic

Question 3

What are the steps in the multi-store model for memory?

Answer 3

Environment -> sensory memory -> attention -> STM (Maintenance rehearsed to stay in memory) -> Rehearse -> LTM

Question 4

What is the serial Position Effect

Answer 4

you recall things better at the start and end of a list due to recency (later in the list) and primacy (earlier in the list)

Question 5

What are the Case studies about Memory (HM, Clive, KF)

Answer 5

HM - Hippocampus removed due to infection in brain, unable to form new Long Term Memories
Clive - Lacked STM of semantic and episodic memory (events and general Knowledge) but still had procedural as he could play the piano.
KF - Brain damaged from bike accident. Struggled with STM however still had part of his LTM

Question 6

What does the Working Memory Model include?

Answer 6

Central Executive - Drives System and decides how information is processed
Phonological Loop - Consists of Auditory store (listening through hearing) and Articulatory Control Process (speaking, used for rehearsal) can only be done one at a time
Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad - Spatial awareness and visual awareness are used to process information such as environments
episodic buffer - Sound and visual. Short-limited capacity- uses phonological loop and visuo-spatial sketchpad

Question 7

What Is Semantic, Episodic and Procedural memory?

Answer 7

Semantic - General knowledge about the world e.g. capital of a certain country
episodic - Knowledge stored through certain events we have experienced e.g. Most Embarrassing Moment
Procedural - Memory on how we perform certain actions e.g. playing a certain song on a piano

Question 8

What is proactive inference

Answer 8

Older memories disrupt new memories

Question 9

What is retroactive interference?

Answer 9

New memories disrupt recall of new memories

Question 10

What is interference theory in forgetting

Answer 10

Interference tasks means you are more likely to forget certain things

Question 11

What is Mullers study on retroactive interference?

Answer 11

Remember syllable lists then recall 3 landscape paintings which disrupted recall

Question 12

What was found in Underwood Proactive interference study

Answer 12

Remember lists which didn’t appear again later in the sequence
10+ lists is a 20% recall but only one had 70% recall

Question 13

What is retrieval failure

Answer 13

Lack of accessibility to information due to lack of cues

Question 14

What are cues and what are the types?

Answer 14

Cues are clues that give a reminder to link memories.
Context cues - environment
State cues - mental emotional state

Question 15

What is godden and baddleys study

Answer 15

Context cues helped recall words from underwater and land

Question 16

What is Goodwin et Al study on state cues?

Answer 16

Drunk vs sober - tried to remember lists of words whilst drunk or sober then recalling them drunk or sober

Question 17

What is tulving and pearlstone study on cues?

Answer 17

48 words in 12 categories with 2 recalls. Cues increased recall to 60% whilst no cue had 40% recall

Question 18

What is a leading question?

Answer 18

Question that suggests a certain answer.

Question 19

What is PED and what can it lead to?

Answer 19

When a group of witnesses discusses an event which could lead to misleading information

Question 20

What is Loftus and Palmers study on misleading information?

Answer 20

5 groups of participants watched a car crash video and were given a leading question with a different verb from contacted to smashed. Words like smashed increased the response to broken glass

Question 21

What is Loftus study on the weapon effect to investigate anxiety affecting EWT?

Answer 21

Suspects holding a pen and a knife. The knife decreased recall of suspect as they were more focused on the knife than identifying details.

Question 22

What is the cognitive interview and what are the steps?

Answer 22

Procedure to help recall information accurately through

1. Context of the situation
2. Reporting everything
3. Change order of events or time period
4. Change perspective of crim witnessed

Question 23

What is STM encoding research

Answer 23

Conrad - acoustic sounds where we were more likely to get confused when saying letters or words that had similar sounds which makes us less likely to remember

However this lacks ecological validity

Question 24

What is STM capacity research

Answer 24

Miller - Participants had to remember digits until it got too long - the limit was around 7+/-2 digits

Lacks ecological validity and ignores chunking

Question 25

What is STM duration research?

Answer 25

Peterson and Peterson - had to remember trigrams of random syllables then count back from a number to prevent rehearsal, over time the recall lasts 3-18 seconds

Lacks mundane realism

Question 26

What is LTM encoding research?

Answer 26

Baddeley - Words were easier to remember if they did not have the same meaning rather than the same meaning

Lacks ecological validity and mundane realism

Question 27

What is LTM duration research?

Answer 27

Bahrick et al - participants had to remember people from their school using yearbook photos and had to freely name classmates

high ecological validity due to field experiment however it cant control all variables