sociology ch.4-6 Flashcards
The dramaturgical approach
Is the method of analyzing social interaction in which the individuals are seen as actors in a theater
Symbolic Interaction
Is the interaction that takes place between people thrift symbols such as signs, gestures, and language
Impression Management
Is the attempt to control the impression people make on others by presenting themselves in the most positive light
Role Performance
The actual behavior of a person playing a particular role
Role conflict
Is a situation in which two or more roles of a person clash having contradictory requirements
Role strain
Is a situation in which contradictory expectations are built into a single role
Teamwork
Is when two or more people work together to help a performance come off as planned or for a performance to be successful
Ethnomethodology
Is the study of how people construct and share their definitions of reality in their everyday interactions
Social Interactionism
Interactions among people
Territoriality
People try to protect his or her personal space
Group
Is a collection of people interacting together in an orderly way on the basis of shared expectations about each other’s behavior
Social category
Is a collection of people who may not interact, but who share certain characteristics (ex. Pregnant women)
Aggregate
Is a collection of people who happen to be in the same place at the same time, eg people waiting for a bus- the interaction is fleeting and superficial
Primary group
Consists of a small number of people who interact over a relatively long period on a direct, intimate, face-to-face basis
Secondary group
Consists of a number of people who interact on a relatively temporary, anonymous, and impersonal basis
Oligarchy
Means rule by the few- official at the top of a hierarchy usually maintain control of the people below them
Bureaucracy
Is hierarchical authority structure that operates under explicit rules and procedures. Understanding bureaucracy is the key to the analysis of formal organizations
Ingroup
Is any group that one belongs to and identifies with
Outgroup
Is any alternative group that one does not belong to or identifies with
A reference group
Is a group to which people refer when making evaluations about themselves and their behavior
Social network
Is a web of relationships that link the individual directly to other people, and through these other people, indirectly to even more people
Formal organization
Is a large social group that is deliberately and rationally designed to achieve specific objectives. Formal organizations usually take the forms of voluntary, coercive, or utilitarian organizations
Alienation
Is the situation in which people lose their control over the social world they have created, with the result that they find themselves to be “strangers” in a hostile environment
Group Dynamics
Refer to how groups influence us and how we influence groups
A Dyad
Is mad up of two people
A triad
Or a triangle is a made up of three people
A leader
Is someone who, largely by virtue of a certain perp analogy characteristics, in consistently able to influence the behavior of others
Instrumental leadership
Is the kind necessary to organize a group in pursuit of its goals
Expressive Leadership
Is the kind necessary to create harmony and solidarity among group members
Authoritarian Leaders
Are those that simply give orders
Democratically Leaders
Are those that attempt to win consensus on a course of action
Laissez-Faire Leaders
Are those that are easy-going and make little attempt to direct or organize the group
Groupthink
Is a collective tunnel vision that group members sometimes develop
Sociocultural Evolution
Is the tendency societies’ social structures and cultures to grow more complex over time
Hunting and gathering society
Is one relying for its subsistence on such animals and vegetables as its member can hunt and gather
Surplus Wealth
Refers to food and other goods that are not needed to meet their producers’ basic need
Division of labor
Refer to the specialization by individuals or groups in particular economic activities
Animism
Is a religion that recognizes active, animate spirits operating in the wild
A pastoral society
Is one relying for its subsistence primarily on the domestication of herd animals, such as sheep, goats, cows, horses, or camels.
Horticultural society
Is one relying for its subsistence primarily on the how cultivation of domesticated plants
An agricultural society
Is one relying for its subsistence primarily on the cultivation of crops through the use of plow and draft animals
An industrial society
Is one relying for its subsistence primarily on mechanized production of goods and services
Post Industrial Society
Is one relying for its subsistence primarily on the production o services and information
Subsistence society
How people make their life
Shaman
Medicine man
Dr. Jones skult
Created a vaccine for polio
The Peter Pincipal
Each employee o a bureaucracy is printed to his or her level of incompetence
Levels of Incompetence
Is a position which a person is unable to perform well
Man
A social animal
Bureaucracy
This is also a chain of command
This was studies by Max Weber -under rationalisation
Bureaucracy
Stigmatization
Involves soiling someone’s identity by labeling him or her in a negative way
Scapegoating
Is when someone different or weaker is picked on or blames when things go wrong in a larger group, regardless of the person’s role in the problem
Anomie (According to Merton)
Is the situation that arises when there is a discrepancy between socially approved goals and the availability of socially approved means of achieving them
