PRI. SOCIOLOGY Ch.1-3 Vocabulary

Question 0

Sociology

Answer 0

The study of society.

Question 1

Positivism

Answer 1

Process known as applying the scientific method to the social world

Question 2

Sociologist

Answer 2

Would reform society, making it a better place to live

Question 3

The Survival of The Fittest

Answer 3

The fittest members produce a more advanced society- unless misguided do-gooders get in the way and help the less fit survive

Question 4

Social Darwinism

Answer 4

That societies evolve over time as the fittest adapt to their environment, Darwin applied this to organisms

Question 5

Class Conflict

Answer 5

The engine of human history; key to history; struggle between have and have nots

Question 6

Bourgeoisie

Answer 6

One of the two social classes that are enemies. The capitalist.

Question 7

Proletarians

Answer 7

The exploited workers.

Question 8

Capitalist

Answer 8

• own and control means of production
• achieve wealth through capital
• keep the profit

Question 9

Exploited Workers

Answer 9

• poor, could barley survive
• worked for wages
• vulnerable to displacement by machines or cheap labor

Question 10

Social Integration

Answer 10

The degree to which people are tied to their social group

Question 11

Sociological Perspective (imagination)

Answer 11

Stresses the social contexts in which people live, examines how these contexts influence people’s lives.

Question 12

Social location

Answer 12

The corners in life that people occupy because of where they are located in a society

Question 13

Society

Answer 13

A group of people who share a culture and a territory

Question 14

Patterns of Behavior

Answer 14

Recurring characteristics or events

Question 15

Protestant Ethic

Answer 15

Self-denying approach to life. Protestant being good to go to heaven; not wasting money

Question 16

Spirit of capitalism

Answer 16

the desire to invest capital in order to make more money

Question 17

Empiricism

Answer 17

Is the act of experiencing something with one’s senses

Question 18

Methodology

Answer 18

Is a system of rules, principles, and procedures that guides scientific investigation

Question 19

Variable

Answer 19

Is a characteristics that varies across space, across, time, or from one individual or group to another

Question 20

Correlation

Answer 20

Is a relationship between two variables that occurs regularly

Question 21

Controls

Answer 21

Are ways of excluding the possibility that some other variable might be influencing the relationship

Question 22

Theory

Answer 22

Is a statement that organizes a set of concepts in a meaningful way by showing the relationships among them

Question 23

Independent variable

Answer 23

Is one that influences another variable- it acts as a casual variable

Question 24

Dependent variable

Answer 24

Is one that is influenced by another variable- it is affected by another variable

Question 25

Spurious correlation

Answer 25

Is merely coincidental and does not imply any casual relationship whatever

Question 26

Experiment

Answer 26

Is a method for studying the relationship between two variables under carefully controlled conditions

Question 27

Experimental group

Answer 27

The subjects in an experiment who are exposed to the independent variable

Question 28

Control group

Answer 28

The subjects in an experiment who are exposed to all the experimental conditions except the independent variable

Question 29

Survey

Answer 29

Is a method for systematically obtaining standardized information about the attitudes, behavior, or other characteristics of a population

Question 30

Sample

Answer 30

Is a small number of individuals drawn from larger population

Question 31

A random sample

Answer 31

Is one chosen in such a way that every member of the population in a question has the same chance of being selected

Question 32

Detached observation

Answer 32

Is a method in which the researcher remains as aloof as possible, and the subjects may not even know they are begin studied

Question 33

Participant observation

Answer 33

Is a method in which the researcher becomes directly involved in the social behavior under study

Question 34

Culture

Answer 34

Is the complex whole of all learned behavior and the products of behavior including material elements and non material elements shared by all members of society and handed down from generation to generation

Question 35

Cultural Universals

Answer 35

Are practices found in every culture such as marriage, bodily adornment, cooking, dancing, dream interpretation, and funeral ceremonies

Question 36

Ethnocentrism

Answer 36

Is the tendency to judge other cultures by the standards of ones own culture

Question 37

Cultural relativism

Answer 37

Opposite of ethnocentrism.

Is the recognition that one culture cannot be arbitrarily judged by the standards of another -see everything in perspective

Question 38

Subcultural

Answer 38

refers to the values, attitudes, behaviors, and lifestyles of a social group, which are distinct from, but related to those of the dominant culture of a society -china town

Question 39

Counterculture

Answer 39

Is a subculture whose values, norms, and lifestyles are fundamentally at odds with those of the dominant culture.

Question 40

Applies sociology

Answer 40

Using sociology to solve problems

Question 41

Public sociology

Answer 41

used for the public good; to solve problems

Question 42

Functional Analysis

Answer 42

Is that society is a whole unit, made of interrelated parts that work together; by Comte, Auguste, and Herbert Spencer

Question 43

Values

Answer 43

Socially shared idea that is concise red goo or desirable to which people must strive

Question 44

Norms

Answer 44

Socially shared rules or guidelines that prescribe the behavior that is appropriate in a given situation

Question 45

The self

Answer 45

Is an individual’s conscious experience of experience of a distinct personal identity that is separate from all other people and things

Question 46

The looking glass self

Answer 46

Is a self concept derived from a social mirror in which we can observe how other people react to us