Heredity and Societies 1 Flashcards
Zygote
- the way humans begin life as a single cell.
- a fertilized egg, by the fusion of a sperm and an egg.
- carries the chromosomes (all 23 pairs)
How many cells are in a zygote after 36-39 weeks.
40 billion
Somatic cells
cells that form the body of an organism, but do not form gametes
What are errors in the DNA called?
mutations
Germ cells
cells that divide to form sperm and eggs
Stem cells
cells in the embryo and adult that can divide to form many different cell types
Cell division
a process in which one cell divide to form two cells.
to form new cells needed in the body
Chromosomes
DNA-containing threadlike structures in the nucleus that carry genetic information.in the form of DNA
Where DNA is packed and folded into chromosomes by histones
Mitosis
form of the cell division that produces two daughter cells that are genetically and chromosomally identical t the parent cell.
Meiosis
form of the cell division in which haploid cells are produced.
-the process were the sperm and egg that fuse to make a zygote are produced by this process.
Cells
Cells are what make up any living thing.
Macromolecules
large molecules composed of sub units found in the cells.
What are the four classes of macro molecules.
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
Carbohydrates
These chains serve as stored energy reserves for the cell. SUGARS
Lipids
Fatty acids. energy storage membrane structure. hormones.
Proteins
act as enzymes, increasing the rate of chemical reactions necessary for important cellular functions
found inside cells, surrounding cells, and in bone, skin, and hair. AMINO ACIDS
Nucleic acids
Nucleotides. stores genetic information
DNA
DNA is what carries the information that makes a living organism what they are
RNA
carries working copies of genes that are used to assemble amino acids into proteins.
What do all cells have in common?
the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, organelles.
plasma membrane
separates the cell from its external environment. outer border of the cells. lipids and proteins
cytoplasm
viscous material that is located between the inner surface of the plasma membrane and the outer nuclear envelope that contains organelles
Nuclear envelope
consists of a double membrane studded with pore. the pores control the exchange of molecules between he nucleus and the cytoplasm
Nucleus
membrane enclosed organelles int he cells that contains the chromosomes. largest organelle
Nucleoli
region in the nucleus that synthesis ribosomes. make proteins.
Genes
genetic information that is carried in units of genes.
carriers of genetic information in the form of dna
Homologous chromosomes
members of a chromosome pair
Diploid number (2n)
condition where chromosomes are present as pairs. in humans the diploid number is 46
Haploid number
condition in which each chromosome is present once, unpaired, in humans the haploid number is 23
ER
The endoplasmic reticulum is folded membranes in the cell, that helps gene information travel. Parts of the ER is covered with ribosomes.
Ribosomes
form though the ER. site of protein synthesis.
Golgi apparatus
membranous organelle composed of a series of flattened sacs; it sorts, modifies, and packages proteins produced in the er
Lysosomes
membrane-enclosed organelles that contain digestive enzymes.
Secondary sex characteristics
characteristics that develop later in life, not during reproduction.
Autosomes
the other 22 pairs
Where is sex determined in
fertilization, where the sperm carries the x or y chromosome, fuses with an egg.
fertilization
when a sperm and egg join
What are portions the link
Proteins are the link between genes and the phenotype
Substrate
Compound acted on in a reaction
Product
Compound produced in a reaction
Metabolism
All biochemical reactions in the cell
Phenylketonuria
1/12000 newborns
- autosomal recessive
- mutation in a gene for enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) which converts phenylalanine to tyrosine
- untreated newborns build up high levels of phenylalanine
- causes brain damage, me natal restates riot, seizures, limited pigmentation never learn to talk
Lactose Intolerance
Lactose activity declines with age
Adults may develop lactose intolerance
GIT symptoms
Frequency varies between populations 10% 90% 75%
Pharmacogenetics
Investigates the genetic variations in responses to drugs
what are the basic components of a nucleotide?
nitrogenous base
phosphate
sugar
2 types of cells
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
eukaryotes
Somatic cells- of the body –diploid (2n)– 46 chromosomes
Gametes or sex cells –of the testes and ovaries haploid (1n)- 23 chromosomes
2 major components of a Cell
Plasma Membrane
Cytoplasm- endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, lysosomes and mitochondria
and Nucleus
What can happen without the plasma membrane
Regulates the exchange of materials
Cystic Fibrosis-defective proteins - chloride ions
What can happen without a working Endoplasmic Reticulum
Endoplasmic Reticulum-Protein folding, preparation for transport- ribosomes-Alzheimer
Gaucher disease
Unable to break down materials-accumulate in liver, spleen (Lysosomes)
Tay-Sachs
Pompe disease- severe mental retardation , blindness and eventually death (Lysosomes)
