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flashcards > Heredity and Societies 1 > Flashcards

Heredity and Societies 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Zygote

A
  • the way humans begin life as a single cell.
  • a fertilized egg, by the fusion of a sperm and an egg.
  • carries the chromosomes (all 23 pairs)
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2
Q

How many cells are in a zygote after 36-39 weeks.

A

40 billion

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3
Q

Somatic cells

A

cells that form the body of an organism, but do not form gametes

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4
Q

What are errors in the DNA called?

A

mutations

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5
Q

Germ cells

A

cells that divide to form sperm and eggs

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6
Q

Stem cells

A

cells in the embryo and adult that can divide to form many different cell types

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7
Q

Cell division

A

a process in which one cell divide to form two cells.

to form new cells needed in the body

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8
Q

Chromosomes

A

DNA-containing threadlike structures in the nucleus that carry genetic information.in the form of DNA
Where DNA is packed and folded into chromosomes by histones

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9
Q

Mitosis

A

form of the cell division that produces two daughter cells that are genetically and chromosomally identical t the parent cell.

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10
Q

Meiosis

A

form of the cell division in which haploid cells are produced.
-the process were the sperm and egg that fuse to make a zygote are produced by this process.

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11
Q

Cells

A

Cells are what make up any living thing.

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12
Q

Macromolecules

A

large molecules composed of sub units found in the cells.

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13
Q

What are the four classes of macro molecules.

A

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

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14
Q

Carbohydrates

A

These chains serve as stored energy reserves for the cell. SUGARS

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15
Q

Lipids

A

Fatty acids. energy storage membrane structure. hormones.

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16
Q

Proteins

A

act as enzymes, increasing the rate of chemical reactions necessary for important cellular functions
found inside cells, surrounding cells, and in bone, skin, and hair. AMINO ACIDS

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17
Q

Nucleic acids

A

Nucleotides. stores genetic information

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18
Q

DNA

A

DNA is what carries the information that makes a living organism what they are

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19
Q

RNA

A

carries working copies of genes that are used to assemble amino acids into proteins.

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20
Q

What do all cells have in common?

A

the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, organelles.

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21
Q

plasma membrane

A

separates the cell from its external environment. outer border of the cells. lipids and proteins

22
Q

cytoplasm

A

viscous material that is located between the inner surface of the plasma membrane and the outer nuclear envelope that contains organelles

23
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

consists of a double membrane studded with pore. the pores control the exchange of molecules between he nucleus and the cytoplasm

24
Q

Nucleus

A

membrane enclosed organelles int he cells that contains the chromosomes. largest organelle

25
Q

Nucleoli

A

region in the nucleus that synthesis ribosomes. make proteins.

26
Q

Genes

A

genetic information that is carried in units of genes.

carriers of genetic information in the form of dna

27
Q

Homologous chromosomes

A

members of a chromosome pair

28
Q

Diploid number (2n)

A

condition where chromosomes are present as pairs. in humans the diploid number is 46

29
Q

Haploid number

A

condition in which each chromosome is present once, unpaired, in humans the haploid number is 23

30
Q

ER

A

The endoplasmic reticulum is folded membranes in the cell, that helps gene information travel. Parts of the ER is covered with ribosomes.

31
Q

Ribosomes

A

form though the ER. site of protein synthesis.

32
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

membranous organelle composed of a series of flattened sacs; it sorts, modifies, and packages proteins produced in the er

33
Q

Lysosomes

A

membrane-enclosed organelles that contain digestive enzymes.

34
Q

Secondary sex characteristics

A

characteristics that develop later in life, not during reproduction.

35
Q

Autosomes

A

the other 22 pairs

36
Q

Where is sex determined in

A

fertilization, where the sperm carries the x or y chromosome, fuses with an egg.

37
Q

fertilization

A

when a sperm and egg join

38
Q

What are portions the link

A

Proteins are the link between genes and the phenotype

39
Q

Substrate

A

Compound acted on in a reaction

40
Q

Product

A

Compound produced in a reaction

41
Q

Metabolism

A

All biochemical reactions in the cell

42
Q

Phenylketonuria

A

1/12000 newborns

  • autosomal recessive
  • mutation in a gene for enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) which converts phenylalanine to tyrosine
  • untreated newborns build up high levels of phenylalanine
  • causes brain damage, me natal restates riot, seizures, limited pigmentation never learn to talk
43
Q

Lactose Intolerance

A

Lactose activity declines with age
Adults may develop lactose intolerance
GIT symptoms
Frequency varies between populations 10% 90% 75%

44
Q

Pharmacogenetics

A

Investigates the genetic variations in responses to drugs

45
Q

what are the basic components of a nucleotide?

A

nitrogenous base
phosphate
sugar

46
Q

2 types of cells

A

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

47
Q

eukaryotes

A

Somatic cells- of the body –diploid (2n)– 46 chromosomes

Gametes or sex cells –of the testes and ovaries haploid (1n)- 23 chromosomes

48
Q

2 major components of a Cell

A

Plasma Membrane
Cytoplasm- endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, lysosomes and mitochondria
and Nucleus

49
Q

What can happen without the plasma membrane

A

Regulates the exchange of materials

Cystic Fibrosis-defective proteins - chloride ions

50
Q

What can happen without a working Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum-Protein folding, preparation for transport- ribosomes-Alzheimer

51
Q

Gaucher disease

A

Unable to break down materials-accumulate in liver, spleen (Lysosomes)

52
Q

Tay-Sachs

A

Pompe disease- severe mental retardation , blindness and eventually death (Lysosomes)

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