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flashcards > Heredity and Society (Lecture 7-11) > Flashcards

Heredity and Society (Lecture 7-11) Flashcards

1
Q

protein synthesis

A

DNA to protein

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2
Q

2 steps of protein synthesis

A

transcription and translation

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3
Q

Transcription

A

process by which mRNA or RNA strands are made from DNA strands

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4
Q

Translation

A

the synthesis or making of a protein from mRNA transcript

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5
Q

Proteins

A
  • Composed of amino acids
  • about 20 different amino acids
  • billions of combinations possible
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6
Q

codons

A

codes amino acids

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7
Q

Structural

A

keratin, collagen

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8
Q

hormones

A

insulin, human growth

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9
Q

body defense

A

anitbodies

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10
Q

transport

A

hemoglobin

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11
Q

motion

A

actin and myosin

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12
Q

enzymes-catyladt

A

polymerases essential for DNA replications and gene expression

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13
Q

Prions

A

Protien gone wrong

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14
Q

Prions cause

A

infectious diseases,
examples, vCreutzfeldt- Jakob
-fatal familia insomnia
-bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) or mad cow disease.

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15
Q

mutation

A

chnages in the nucleotide sequence or chromosme

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16
Q

types of mutations

A

Germiline- in germ cells-pass to generations

Somatic occurs in body cells-during replication before mitosis-not inheritable

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17
Q

causes of mutations

A

spontaneous occurs randomly- no external cause

induced by exposure to mutagens such as radiation or chemicals

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18
Q

Base analogs

A

structually resemble bases

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19
Q

food persevatives

A

(nitrates to nitrous acid) may modify the structure of bases and an incorrect base is inserted

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20
Q

pesticides

A

can insert inside a DNA helix and distort

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21
Q

Cancer inherited susceptibility

A

Mutant gene in germ cells (predisposition)

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22
Q

Sporadic

A

(Acquired) 1 or more mutations accumulate spontaneously or by exposure to environmental agents in somatic cells

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23
Q

Most common cause of cancer

A

Sporadic

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24
Q

Tumor suppressor genes

A

Suppress or turn off cell division (brakes)

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25
Q

Porto-oncogenes

A

Stimulates the cell growth -pushes the cell through all the check points
-if mustered, become oncogenes (accelerator)

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26
Q

Oncogenes

A

Accelerator

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27
Q

Timor suppressor genes cell cycle

A

G1/S or G2/M control points

If mutated, brakes are removed, cell grow out of control

28
Q

Proto-oncogenes cell cycle

A

Stimulates the cell growth -pushes the cell through all check points
If mutated, become oncogenes, accelerator is permanently on

29
Q

Cancer

A

Malignant tumor is more serious health problem than a benign tumor because cancer cells can spread to distant parts of the body

30
Q

Benign

A

Not cancer
Tumor cells grow only locally and cannot spread by invasion of metastasis
Grow locally

31
Q

Malignant

A

Cancer

Cells invade neighboring tissues, enter blood vessels, and metastasize to different sizes

32
Q

Metastasis process

A
  1. Cancer cells break away from their original tissue
  2. The metastasizing cells become attached to the wall of a blood vessel. They secrete digestive enzymes to create an opening. Then they cross the wall at the breach.
  3. Cancer cells creep or tumble along inside blood vessels, then leave the bloodstream the same way they got in. They start new tumor a in new tissues
33
Q

What do cancer cells show?

A

Uncontrolled cell division

34
Q

Most cancer

A

Cell accumulates a # of mutations over a long period of time

Have abnormal shapes

Affect many different cells and tissues or metastatic

35
Q

Carcinomas

A

The most common types of cancer, arise from the cells that cover external and internal body surfaces.

36
Q

Most common types of cancers in America

A

Lung, breast, and colon

37
Q

Sarcomas

A

Cancers arising from cells found in the supporting tissues of the body such as bone, cartilage, fat, connective tissue, and muscle

38
Q

Lymphomas

A

Cancers that arise in the lymph and tissues of the body’s immune system

39
Q

Leukemia

A

Cancers of the immature blood cells that how in the bone marrow and tend tl accumulate in large numbers in the blood stream

40
Q

Treatments for cancer

A

Surgery
Radiation
Chemotherapy
Drugs

41
Q

Mutagen

A

Physical or chemical substances that causes mutations in DNA

42
Q

Carcinogen

A

A substance or agent that causes cancer

43
Q

What small differences in proteins do?

A

Large effect on the ability to taste, smell, and metabolize medicines

44
Q

Ability to taste

A

Ability to taste PTC is controlled by a pair of allies

Homozygous recessive individuals can not taste PTC

Kale and Brussels sprouts

45
Q

Ability to metabolize dugs

A 
Pharmacokinetics 
Differences may include: 
Drug resistance
Toxic sensitivity
Development of cancer
Other
46
Q

Genetic drug sensitivity

A

Succinylcholine
A muscle relaxant
Used as a short acting aesthetic
Broken down by an enzyme serum cholinesterase
Homozygous recessive individuals are sensitive to the drug
May cause lethal paralysis of respiratory muscles

47
Q

Cytogenetics

A

Subdiscipline within genetics that studies the organization and arrangement of chromosomes. Links chromosome variations to specific traits.

48
Q

Deletions

A 
Loss of chromosomal material
Example: Cri du chat 
Deletion of short arm of chromosome 5
Affects motor and mental function
Infant cry resembles a meowing cat
DiGeorge syndrome
49
Q

Translocation

A

Exchange between non-homologous chromosomes

50
Q

Klinefelter Syndrome

A

47, XXY
Testes smaller, may develop breast tissue, large hands and feet, sparse pubic/facial hair
Affected individuals are male but usually sterile
May have mental dysfunction
Other forms XXYY, XXXY and XXXXY

51
Q

XYY Syndrome

A 
45, XYY
1/1000 births
Above average in height
Often severe acne/adolesence
May have personality/behavioral disorders
May lead normal lives
52
Q

Turner’s Syndrome

A

4?, X

95-99% 45X die before birth
Females; short, wide chest; rudimentary ovaries; and abnormal sexual development
No mental dysfunction
Complete absence of an X chromosome is lethal

53
Q

Nondisjunction

A

is the failure of homologs or sister chromatids chromosomes to separate in meiosis or mitosis
Produces abnormal gametes

54
Q

Down Syndrome

A

Trisomy 21:
First chromosomal abnormality discovered in humans (1959)
1/900 live births
Leading cause of mental retardation and heart defects in US
Wide flat skulls, skin folds in the corner of the eyes, thick, furrowed tongues
40% congenital heart defects

55
Q

Edwards Syndrome

A

Trisomy 18:

Affected infants small at birth, grow slowly and are mentally retarded
For unknown reasons 80% of all trisomy 18 are female
Advanced maternal age is a risk factor

56
Q

Patau’s Syndrome

A

Trisomy 13

Lethal
Facial malformations, eye defects (small or absent)
Parental age only known risk factor

57
Q

Cri-du-chat syndrome

A

needs answer

58
Q

Start codon

A

The aug codon that signals the location in mRNA where translation begins

59
Q

Stop codon

A

Condoms UAA UAG UGA in mRNA that signal the end of translation

60
Q

Anticodon

A

A group of three nucleotides in a tRNA molecule that recognize a specific codon in mRNA

61
Q

examples of prions

A

vCreutzfeldt-Jakob
Fatal familial insomnia
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) or mad-cow disease

62
Q

what can protein misfolding cause

A 
Folding–structure-function
May cause changes in protein folding
Examples
Cystic Fibrosis
Alzheimer disease, Parkinson’s
Huntington’s disease
63
Q

Frameshift mutations

A

Mutation caused by the insertion of deletion of nucleotides

64
Q

Missense mutation

A

mutation in which a single nucleotide change results in a codon that codes for a different amino acid.

65
Q

Nonsense mutation

A

a nonsense mutation is a point mutation in a sequence of DNA that results in a premature stop codon, or a nonsense codon in the transcribed mRNA, and in a truncated, incomplete, and usually nonfunctional protein product.

66
Q

Thymine dimer

A

needs answer

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