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Study decks > Sociology 150 Midterm > Flashcards

Sociology 150 Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Scientific method

A

Establish parameter that help ensure that the finding are objective and accurate. Provides boundaries that focus a study and organize it’s results.

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2
Q

Scientific literature

A

Give us a broad understanding of previous research done on the topic which can help establish how you feel.

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3
Q

Hypothesizes

A

An assumption about how two or more variables are related this guess in

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4
Q

Null Hypothesis

A

Opposite of the hypothesis states that there is no relationship between the variable

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5
Q

What do sociologists seek to do in the social world

A

Contribute and enhance knowledge

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6
Q

Causation vs. Correlation

A

Correlation: There is a relationship between the variables
Causation: One of the variables causes the others reaction. Only can be found through experiments

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7
Q

Empirical patterns

A

On a vey basic level, researchers try to find correlation between variables

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8
Q

Content analysis

A

a research tool used to determine the presence of certain words, themes, or concepts within some given qualitative data

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9
Q

Operationalization

A

Defining the concept in terms of steps it takes to objectively measure it. Turning abstrat concepts into quantifiable measurable variable

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10
Q

Research Methods

A

A systemic process of inquiry applied to learning about the social world

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11
Q

What is the goal of research methods

A

To construct a defensible version of reality.

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12
Q

What are the twin pillars of science

A

Logic and Observation

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13
Q

How do scientists gather infromation

A

They gather information about facts in a way that is organized and intentional and follows a set of predetemined steps

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14
Q

Steps of the research process

A

Choosing a research topic, conducting a literature review, measuring variables and gather data and analyzing data and drawing a conclusion.

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15
Q

Difference between qualitative and quantitative method

A

Quantitative research is structured numerical data analysis, aims to explore and is larger sample sizes.
Qualitative research is in depth, narrative data analysis, aims to measure and smaller sample size.

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16
Q

Are quantitative and qualitative methods in opposition to each other?

A

No. They are more like brothers. Different but still having some similarities. Many studies use both to strengthen their results.

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17
Q

Where do sociologist look for patterns of regularity.

A

In social life.

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18
Q

Difference in Data collection , Data analysis and theory.

A

Data collection are designed to detect social regularities, data analysis technique are used to interpret them and theory is used to explain them.

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19
Q

Selective observation

A

Paying attention to events that match a prior conclusion and ignore those that do not.

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20
Q

Overgeneralization

A

Occurs when we unjustifiably conclude that what is true for some cases is true for all cases.

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21
Q

Confirmation bias

A

The tendency to seek out and prefer information that supports out preexisting beliefs.

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22
Q

Varible

A

A characteristics /condition that can change from person to person

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23
Q

Independent varible

A

Variable that is manipulated

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24
Q

Dependent Varible

A

Variable that stays the same and is studied.

25
Q

Probabilistic relationships

A

A concept in a group of philosophical theories that aim to characterize the relationship between cause and effect using the tools to probability theory.

26
Q

Operationalization

A

Define the concept in terms of steps it takes to objectively measure it.

27
Q

What is peer review

A

The evaluation of scientific article by another unbiased third party to look for mistakes and access the quality of the paper before it’s published

28
Q

Systematic in sociology

A

Systematically gathered data that allows us to make larger claims

29
Q

Empirical evidence

A

Evidence derived from direct experience and or observation combined

30
Q

Why do sociologist use the scientific method

A

They use it to maintain as much objectivity, focus and consistency as possible.

31
Q

Cumulative Knowledge

A

Knowledge in sociology grows and expands as new research theories and perspectives are added to the existing body of knowledge.

32
Q

Loneliness

A

A subjective feeling state of being alone separted or apart from otherss

33
Q

Is age associated with loneliness?

A

Kind of. 18-29 feel the most lonely and 60 or older feel the least lonely.

34
Q

Is there a different between men and women when it comes to loneliness.

A

No.

35
Q

Generalizability

A

How well the results of the study apply to the population and the public.

36
Q

What model did the study follow

A

Stress process model

37
Q

Countervailing factors in the study

A

Federal government providing support, worker unable to work due to covid, being able to tap into personal savings, few opportunities to spend money due to lockdown

38
Q

countervailing factor

A

A factor of equal strength to another one but is its opposite or opposes it.

39
Q

What type of study is used in the study.

A

Longitudinal survey mixed with in depth interviews.

40
Q

why do researchers like to use models in research .

A

It allows you to know where you are in the process and helps maps out the analytical effects for the statistical analysis.

41
Q

Engineering stress model

A

Stress is an external force acting against a resisting body

42
Q

Stress process model

A

the relationships between stressors, resources, and psychological wellbeing

43
Q

Biostress model

A

Stages the general adaption syndrome. Process goes: Stressor, alarm response, resistance, exhaustion.

44
Q

How are terms like social structure and systems stratification useful in sociology inquiry

A

These systems embody the unequal distribution of resources, opportunities and self-regard a law status within them may itself be a source of stress Ife condition

45
Q

computational methods

A

computer simulations, artificial intelligence, complex statistical methods, and analytic approaches like social network analysis

46
Q

ethnography/ Participant observation

A

Immersion by a researcher in a group or social setting in order to make observations from an “insider” perspective

47
Q

Qualitative insights

A

provide detail about a small number of cases, not population-level patterns

48
Q

Social Integration

A

The degree to which individuals engage
in social interaction with others.

49
Q

empirical validation

A

evidence corroborated by direct experience to describe observation and how closely they correspond (correlate) with behavior as measured in other contexts.

50
Q

conjoint survey

A

survey-based statistical techniques that help determine the attributes by which people value a particular object or action. From two different examples

51
Q

vignettes experiments

A

use short descriptions of situations or persons (vignettes) that are usually shown to respondents within surveys in order to elicit their judgments about these scenarios.

52
Q

Operationalization goes from _____ to _____ to _____.

A

Concepts, Variables, Indicators

53
Q

Difference between vignette and conjoint study

A

A conjoint survey forces choice between situations, the vignette asks for a response to an example situation

54
Q

Main points of Dokshin “Millions of online book co-purchases reveal partisan differences in the consumption of science”

A

Main idea: Used data derived from millions of online co-purchases as indicator for whether shared interest in science bridges political differences or selective attention reinforces existing divisions
Method: computational methods using coders
core concepts: Social integration
Conclusion: That the left and right share an interest in science in general, but not science in particular, just looking for the convenient truths

55
Q

Main points of Leafia Zi Ye & Jason Fletcher “Immigrant status and the social returns to
academic achievement in adolescence”

A

Main idea: Immigrants will not see any kind popularity based on higher GPA
hypothesis: The effect of academic achievement on popularity among peers is negative for Black and American Indian youth from native-born families and nonexistent or positive for immigrant
minority students of any race/ethnicity.
Method: Survey, secondary data (they used already acquired data
Core concepts: operationalization( GPA and popularity)
Conclusion: There was no evidence that any
group experienced social sanctions
for academic achievement

56
Q

Main points of “Residential preferences, place alienation, and neighborhood satisfaction: A conjoint survey experiment in Toronto’s inner suburbs”

A

Main idea: How lower v higher SES Toronto neighborhood differences
Method: Secondary data, conjoint survey, looking at acquired data and drawing conclusions.
Conclusion: lower SES neighborhoods and higher SES neighborhoods share ideas when it comes to safety, transit,
school quality, neighborliness, public spaces, and building types. However,
differences across a range with preferences including bike usage, local
commercial spaces, and cultural and recreation facilities.

57
Q

Main points of Doering et al.’s “Was it me or was it gender discrimination”

A

Main idea: How women respond to ambiguous incidents of gender
discrimination
Method: Mixed methods (Vignette experiment, In-depth interviews, surveys)
Core concepts: They exist on a gradient from more to less ambiguous
Conclusion: The study establishes
ambiguous gendered incidents as a familiar element of many women’s work lives that must be considered to address unequal gendered experiences at work.

58
Q

Main points of Schieman et al.t “A Forced Vacation? The Stress of Being Temporarily Laid Off During a Pandemic”

A

Main idea: Used mixed method to find about about peoples feelings about being laid off during covid
Method: Survey, in-depth interview
Core concepts: That people
Conclusion: People did not feel more stressed during the pandemic and in fact felt a relief due to the

59
Q

Main points of Correll et alt “Is there a motherhood penalty”.

A

Main idea: Mothers are treated differently to fathers and nonmothers in the workplace leading to discrimination
Hypothesis: In the workplace, mothers experience a disadvantage in rewards like pay and perceived competence
Method: Experiment
Core concepts: Status, status theory, performance expectations
Conclusion: mothers
were penalized on a host of measures, including perceived competence and recommended starting salary. Men were not penalized for,
and sometimes benefited from, being a parent.

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