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Bio Final Flashcards

1
Q

Adaptation

A

A trait that contributes to fitness by making an organism better able to survive or reproduce in a given environment

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2
Q

Artificial selection

A

Selection by HUMANS towards a goal. Been done to plants and animals.

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3
Q

Natrual Selection

A

Selection by abiotic and biotic environment. There is no goal and affects ALL organisms (even humans)

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4
Q

What the natural selection on quantitative traits

A

Stabilizing, directional and disruptive.

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5
Q

Stabilizing selection

A

Favors the average of the trait. Ex: human baby weight.

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6
Q

Directional selection

A

Favors one extreme for the trait.

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7
Q

Disruptive selection

A

Favors both extremes for the trait.

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8
Q

Population

A

A group of indivudals of a single species occuping a given area at the same time

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9
Q

Migration

A

The movement of indivduals from one population to another

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10
Q

Gene Flow

A

The movement of genes from one population to another.

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11
Q

How to measure gene flow

A

Looking at potential dispersal v actual interbreeding, using experimental appraches

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12
Q

Stochastic

A

Unpreditcable or random evolutionary forces (mutation, recombination and gene drift)

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13
Q

Deterministic

A

Predictable or non random evolutionary force. (natural selection)

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14
Q

Genetic Drift

A

Random changes in allele frequency due to random variation in fecundity and motility. MOST IMPORTANT WHEN POPULATIONS ARE SMALL.

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15
Q

Population bottlenecks

A

A single sharp reduection in abundance, usually followed by rebound. Causes a loss of diversity

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16
Q

Founder Events

A

Colonization by a few individuals that start a new population. Colonizing group contains only limited diversity compared to the source population.

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17
Q

Phenotypic Differentiation examples

A

Adaptive (local adaptation), due to genetic drift and phenotypic plasticity.

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18
Q

Phenotypic Plasticity

A

The ability of a genotype to modify its phenotype in response to change in the environment. Occurs though modification to growth and development and behavior. Very unpredictable.

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19
Q

Reciprocal Transplant studies

A

Growth of equivalent genotypes in contrasting environments and comparisons of their relative performance.

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20
Q

Local adaptation(ecological speciation)

A

population of organisms evolves to be more well-suited to its local environment than other members of the same species that live elsewhere

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21
Q

What is a species?

A

Phenotypic similarity, genetic similartiy also used to identify and define speices.

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22
Q

Taxonomic (or morphological) concepts

A

Based primarily on distinct measurable differences

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23
Q

Biological concepts

A

Based on inter-fertility among individuals

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24
Q

What are the highlights of biological species concept.

A

Focuses on the process, geographic isolation alone is NOT sufficient, must be possible interbreeding in the wild and does not apply well for bacteria, asexual, highly self fertitzing speices.

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25
Q

Allopartic

A

a population or species that is physically isolated from other similar groups by an extrinsic barrier to dispersal leading to evolution.

26
Q

Sympatric

A

two related species or populations are considered sympatric when they exist in the same geographic area and thus frequently encounter one another but lead to evolution.

27
Q

What is the difference between pre and pro zygotic barriers?

A

Pre are before the fertilization wheater it’s finding a mate or the zygote and post is wheater the zygote survives in the womb, how well the adult survives and wheater or not the offspring can reproduce.

28
Q

Pre-zygotic

A

Prevent mating or fertilization so no zygote gets formed

29
Q

Post-zygotic

A

Barriers prevent proper functioning of zygotes once they are formed.

30
Q

Intrinsic post-zygotic

A

Inviability, sterility or abnormal development of hybrids

31
Q

Extrinsic post-zygotic

A

Ecological mismatch of hybrid phenotype to environment. Cannot be directly favored by natural selection.

32
Q

Adaptive radiation

A

The evolution of ecological and phenotypic diversity within a rapidly multiplying lineage as a result of speciation.

33
Q

What are the four features commonly identify an adaptive radiation?

A

Recent common ancestry from a single species, phenotype environment correlation, trait utility and rapid speciation.

34
Q

What causes adaptive radiation

A

Ecological opportunity, origin of a key innovation and high rates of speciation characterize the clade.

35
Q

Hybridization

A

The exchange of genes between speices as a result of occasional inter species mating.

36
Q

Polyploidy

A

An organism, tissue or cell with more than two complete sets of homologus chromosomes.

37
Q

Allopolyploidy

A

Arises from duplicated karyotype following hybridzation between speices

38
Q

Autopolyploid

A

Arises from duplicated karyotype within a species

39
Q

What is the evolutionary significance of polyploidy

A

They are reproductively isolated from diploid parents, they exhibit novel phenotypes, and often show hybrid vigor.

40
Q

Novel phenotypes

A

a phenotype that is concerned with the unique visual appearance of an organism as compared with its parents

41
Q

Taxonomy

A

The theory and practice of classification and naming

42
Q

Systematic

A

The study of biodiversity and the evolutionary relationships among organisms.

43
Q

Monophyletic group

A

A single ancestor gave rise to all species in that taxon and no species in any other taxon. Includes that complete set of species derived from a common ancestor.

44
Q

Paraphyletic group

A

A taxon whose members are derived from two or more ancestral forms not common to all members. Contains some but not all species derived from a common ancestor.

45
Q

Ancestral trait

A

A trait shared with a common ancestor

46
Q

Derived trait

A

A trait that differ from the ancestral trait in a lineage.

47
Q

Homology

A

Similarity of traits due to shared ancestry

48
Q

Homoplasy

A

Similarity of traits as a result of convergent evolution.

49
Q

Convergent evolution

A

the process whereby distantly related organisms independently evolve similar traits to adapt to similar necessities.

50
Q

Key innovations

A

Origin of a novel trait resulting in adaptive radiation, carriers of the trait can exploit new resources or sets of habitats.

51
Q

Adaptive radiation

A

An event in which a lineage rapidly diversifies, with the newly formed lineages evolving different adaptations

52
Q

When is cooperation adative

A

High relatedness (genes that lead to helping relatives can spread ) reciprocal altruism ( in cases where organisms repeatedly encounter eachother, mutual cooperation can lead to highest fitness BUT it can breakdown.

53
Q

Unit of selection

A

Adaptation to the individual that will increase the fitness of the individual, though wheater or not it is good for the species LONG TERM depends.

54
Q

Meiotic Drive

A

If an allele can bias its own transmission then it can spread to higher frequency even while reducing individual fitness.

55
Q

Fair meiosis

A

here is a 50/50 chance that each chromosome will be passed to a gamete and therefore to offspring

56
Q

What is a humans main target of selection?

A

Because genes are the unit of inheritance ultimeately the target of selection is the gene

57
Q

How do genomes stay so cooperative?

A

Many features of induvial organism prevent competition within an individual. This ensures that many genes succeed by enhancing the fitness of an organism.

58
Q

Mitosis and meiosis

A

Ensures that alleles dont compete within an induvial and meiosis ensures their is fair representation of alleles fitness effects on an individual.

59
Q

Devolpment and multicellualrity

A

Starting from a single cell prevents initial competition
among cell lineages

60
Q

Uniparental inheritance of organelles

A

Chloroplasts and mitochondria replicate asexually which Prevents competition within cells of different organelle genomes

61
Q

Over-replication

A

When a gene makes way more copies of themselves so they will l be on more genomes which makes it more likely to be in offspring.

62
Q

Transposition selection balance

A

Transposition balances natural selection and mutational events, so the element can “survive” as a selfish DNA sequence

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