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Study decks > Psych 101 chap 12-14 > Flashcards

Psych 101 chap 12-14 Flashcards

1
Q

Broca’s area

A

In the front of the brain, vital to the production of language. If damaged makes it hard to speak.

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2
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

In the temporal and partial lobes and vital for comprehension of language. If damaged makes people unable to comprehend language.

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3
Q

Non-fluent aphasia

A

Damage to the Broca’s area where people find it hard to find and say the right words, although they probably know exactly what they WANT to say.

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4
Q

Fluent aphasia

A

Damage to the Wernicke. Person can speak normal like sentences but the words are made up or have incorrect sounds.

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5
Q

bilingualism/multilingualism

A

Even 100 years ago, multilingualism was seen as a negative, in the past 50 years it seems it can help with mental flexibility, executive control (debated) help slow mental decay and contribute to cognitive reserve.. BUT people who are multilingualism scored worse on verbal fluently.

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6
Q

linguistic determinism

A

the concept that language and its structures limit and determine human knowledge or thought, as well as thought processes such as categorization, memory, and perception.(strong form)

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7
Q

Analogical representation

A

Means representation which maintain some of the physical picture of the object (ex: an image of a princess)

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8
Q

Symbolic representation

A

Representation which does NOT correspond to the physical picture of an actual object (ex: the word princess share NO qualities of a princess, it’s just a stand in)

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9
Q

prototype model

A

Objects are categorized according to how close they resemble the “prototype” (or the best example) of the category

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10
Q

cognition

A

The branch of psychology dedicated to studying how people THINK

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11
Q

linguistic relativism

A

The proposal that the particular language we speak influences the way we think about reality, forms one part of the broader question of how language influences thought.

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12
Q

exemplar model

A

Individuals make category judgments by comparing new stimuli with instances already stored in memory and the “exemplar”. The new stimuli is assigned to category based on how many similarities it holds with the exemplar in the model.

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13
Q

concept

A

A mental representation that group objects, events or relations around common themes.

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14
Q

defining attributes (or classic categorization) models

A

Object are categorized according to a certain set of rules or a specific set of features. Membership is an all or nothing basis.

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15
Q

decision making

A

Attempting to select the BEST alternative among several options. (Maximizing vs Satisficing)

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16
Q

taxonomic vs. thematic categorization strategies

A

Taxonomic bases categorization om rules while Thematic bases categorization on resemblance. Taxonomic is more western and Thematic is more eastern.

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17
Q

analytic vs. holistic thinking styles

A

Analytic thinkers focus on individual objects (western) and holistic thinkers considers the context as a whole.

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18
Q

deductive reasoning

A

A logical approach where you progress from general ideas to specific conclusions.

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19
Q

inductive reasoning

A

A method of reasoning where you draw conclusions by going from the specific to general.

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20
Q

satisficers vs. maximizers

A

Maximizing is trying to find the best possible outcome vs. Satisficing is when you find what is good enough and just happy to have a decision.

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21
Q

algorithm

A

A step by step procedures that provide the CORRECT answer to a particular problem.

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22
Q

heuristics

A

Shortcuts/ rule of thumb used to reduce the amount of thinking that is needed to make a decision.

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23
Q

representativeness heuristic

A

occurs when we estimate the probability of an event based on how similar it is to a known situation

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24
Q

availability heuristic

A

Estimating the frequency of an event based on how easily examples come to mind.

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25
Q

recognition heuristic

A

A bias where humans place a higher value on something they recognize rather than something unfamiliar.

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26
Q

affect heuristic

A

How often we rely on our EMOTIONS rather than concrete information when making decisions.

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27
Q

framing effects

A

The changes in the way information is perceived as well as the result of the way information was presented

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28
Q

problem

A

A task where there is a need to accomplished a goal and the resolution is not clear.

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29
Q

problem-solving

A

Finding a way around an obsutle to reach a goal

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30
Q

mental set

A

The brain tendency to stick with the most familiar solution to a problem and ignoring other alternatives.

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31
Q

functional fixedness

A

When you only thinking about a tool or object in the way that it was intended to be used instead of other ways it could possibly be used.

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32
Q

intelligence

A

The human ability to use knowledge, solve problem, understand complex ideas, learn quickly and adapt to environmental challenges.

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33
Q

eugenics

A

The belief that you can make perfect humans and eliminate “social ills” through genetics and heredity. (these perfect humans were often white)

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34
Q

psychometrics

A

The field of psychology devoted to testing, measuring, assessment etc.

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35
Q

Flynn effect

A

When the average IQ has been increasing slowly since 1932.

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36
Q

intelligence quotient

A

AKA IQ which was made by Lewis Terman. A score on a normed test which compares how you scored to other who have taken the test. To get the results it’s mental age/ chronological age x 100.

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37
Q

general intelligence

A

The idea that ONE general factor underlies all mental abilities

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38
Q

crystallized intelligence

A

Knowledge that is acquired through experience and they use this knowledge to solve problems.

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39
Q

fluid intelligence

A

your ability to process new information, learn, and solve problems logically WITHOUT the need to use learned information.

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40
Q

factor analysis

A

Statistical way of looking at peoples responses and see how individuals correlate with one another.

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41
Q

normal curve

A

A reoccurring phenomenon in psychology where the majority is in the middle (60%) and the ends are small (13% on both extreme) and the very ends are very small (2% on both extremes)

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42
Q

dysrationalia

A

The inability to think logically and RATIONALLY despite being smart.

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43
Q

growth (incremental) vs. fixed (entity) mindsets

A

Growth mindset: That a person’s intelligence and abilities can grow and improve with practice
Fixed Mindset: That a person’s intelligence and abilities are something you are born with and that you cannot be changed.

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44
Q

Sternberg’s theories on intelligence

A

analytical, practical, creative, successful

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45
Q

Sternberg: Analytical

A

Being able to think in an academic way and answer logical questions

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46
Q

Sternberg: Practical

A

Thinking through things in the real world context

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47
Q

Sternberg: Creative

A

Being able to come up with new and innovative ways to think of things

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48
Q

Sternberg: Successful

A

One’s ability to set and accomplish personally meaningful goals in one’s life, given one’s cultural context.

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49
Q

Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences

A

The idea that people can show different skills in varity of different domains

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50
Q

emotional intelligence

A

The ability to manage one’s emotions, recognize the emotions in others, understand emotional language and use emotions to guide thoughts and action

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51
Q

Idiographic approaches

A

Personality test that is person centered focus on individual lives and understanding how people see themselves

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52
Q

Nomothetic approaches

A

Personality traits that focus on common traits and how they make unique combinations. More seeing how people will project themselves onto different situations.

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53
Q

Projective measures

A

Based on Freud and provides ambiguous stimulus and then they projective onto their own personality

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54
Q

Objective measures

A

This system is based on self reporting and mostly rated on yes or no answers.

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55
Q

Psychodynamic theory

A

The researching the psychological factors that underline human behavior, feelings, emotions and how they might relate to early experience.

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56
Q

Id

A

The part of the unconscious mind (no accessible) we are born with that is very selfish and only worries about itself

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57
Q

Self-esteem

A

How WE value and perceive ourselves

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58
Q

Ego

A

Mediates between the id and the superego and works with both of them. (In a healthily person) the ego is the strongest.

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59
Q

Defence mechanisms

A

Strategies’ the unconscious mind uses to protect itself. (ex: repression)

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60
Q

Superego

A

Develops through childhood as you learn rules of right and wrong to do that your family and society teach you. The opposites of the id.

61
Q

Humanistic approaches

A

The idea that people seek personal growth to fulfil their full potential and is human centered. That people need unconditional positive regard.

62
Q

Self-actualization

A

The want to become more and more

63
Q

Person-centered

A

The humanistic belief that the client is inherently driven toward and has the CAPACITY for growth and self actualization.

64
Q

Unconditional positive regard

A

A humanistic approach that means you should express empathy, supports and acceptance to someone, regradless of what they say or do. (love the person not the behaviors.)

65
Q

Self-concept

A

A set of perception and belief about ones SELF

66
Q

Self-handicapping

A

Engaging in a behavior known to hurt your performance at something (like getting too little sleep)

67
Q

Personality trait

A

Reflects peoples characteristics patterns of thoughts, feelings and behaviors.

68
Q

Interdependent self-construal

A

The extent to which to which people see the self as a part of others or interpedently?

69
Q

What is the differences interdependent self-construal in Western culture and Eastern cultures

A

Western culture: tends to have independent self-construal ( you are the part of your self) [ I am funny, smart, kind]
Eastern culture: tends to have interdepend self-construal ( your family and friends are a part of the self) [ I am good with kids, good I making my friends laugh, I tutor for my school]

70
Q

Reciprocal determinism

A

Of how personality is effected by the environment and how the environment is equally effected by the person.

71
Q

Self-efficacy

A

The belief that you can handle a challenging situation and obtain future rewards.

72
Q

Self-regulation

A

A clear tradeoff between long term goals and short term temptations

73
Q

Self-control

A

Self regulation in context involving a clear tradeoff between long term goal and short term temptations

74
Q

Locus of control

A

The degree to which people believe that they have control over the outcome of events in their lives. (Internal = Active [I, me])
(External = [them, you])

75
Q

Delay of gratification

A

The act of resisting an impulse to take an immediately available reward in the hope of obtaining a more valued reward in the future.

76
Q

Personality trait

A

Characteristics and dispositional tendencies for a person to act a certain way across different times and circumstances

77
Q

Big Five theory

A

Five broad personality traits used to describe peoples personality.

78
Q

What are the five traits in the Big Five theory?

A

Openness to experience, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Introversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism.

79
Q

Openness to experiences

A

Experiences involves fantasy, an apperception for the arts, feelings, actions, ideas and values.

80
Q

Conscientiousness

A

Incorporates competence, order, dutifulness, achievement striving self-discipline and deliberation.

81
Q

Extraversion

A

Warmth, gregariousness, assertiveness, activity, excitement seeking and positive emotion though they can be insensitive and overbearing.

82
Q

Introversion

A

Cool, reserved, passivity and caution though they tend to be sensitive and reflective.

83
Q

Agreeableness

A

Trustful, straightforwardness, altruism, compliance, modesty and tender mindedness

84
Q

Neuroticism

A

Combine anxiety, angry/hostility, depression, self-consciences, impulsivity and vulnerability

85
Q

Conformity

A

Changing one’s behaviors to match other behaviors or to fit in with the social norm

86
Q

Social norms

A

The generally accepted why or thinking feeling and behaving that most people (in a group) agree on as right and proper

87
Q

Descriptive social norms

A

What people ACTUALLY think feel or do (describing)

88
Q

Prescriptive social norms

A

What people SHOULD think, feel or do

89
Q

Informational influence

A

We adopt the group consciences because it SEEMS correct

90
Q

Normative influence

A

We adapt the group consciences to identification with the group because we want to be SEEN as a members of that group.

91
Q

Compliance

A

A change in a person’s behavior in response to a direct request even though the requestor has no authority over them.

92
Q

Door-in-the-face

A

Making a person compile by starting off with a large request that they know the person will say no to and then making a second lesser request that now doesn’t seem so bad and the person is more likely to say yes.

93
Q

Foot-in-the-door

A

Making a person compile by asking another person for a small request first then building up to larger and larger requests.

94
Q

Low-balling

A

Making a person compile by making a very attractive (initial) offer so that person will accept and then making the terms less favorable

95
Q

Obedience

A

When someone does a request because the requestor is in a position of authority.

96
Q

Halo effect

A

Attractiveness and the tendency to assign positive qualities to an attractive person

97
Q

Thin slices of behaviour

A

A field of research that gives people a “tiny slice of behavior” for the person to then form an opinion on the person and then how well they connect to the real person.

98
Q

Attributions

A

Judgment about the CAUSE of another person behaviors

99
Q

Dispositional attributions

A

Explanation for internal characteristics

100
Q

Situational attributions

A

Explanation of external events

101
Q

Fundamental attribution error

A

When we overemphasis personal factors and ignore situational factors to explain other behaviors

102
Q

Correspondence bias

A

When we overemphasis personal factors and underestimate situational factors to explain other behaviors

103
Q

Actor-observer bias

A

When we are talking about our fault we tend to equate it to situational factors and we are talking about others fault, we equate it to personal factors

104
Q

Self-serving bias

A

When we perform positive behavior, we attribute it to personal factors, when we perform a negative behavior, we attribute it to situational factors

105
Q

Stereotypes

A

A fixed, oversimplified and often biased belief about a group of people.

106
Q

Prejudice

A

Negative judgement and attitudes towards a person based purely on their group membership

107
Q

Discrimination

A

Inappropriate and unjustified treatment of people based on their group

108
Q

Factor analyis

A

When we want to see how scores will cluster together.

109
Q

Bystander effect

A

When there is an emergency and because there are other people present, the individual is discouraged from intervening in the situation.

110
Q

Diffusion of responsibility

A

Happens during the bystander effect, when there is an emergency and their are other people around, we feel less responsible to the emergency and believes other will do it.

111
Q

Audience inhibition

A

When people perform worse in the presence of a crowd.

112
Q

Groupthink

A

When a group need to come to a decision and our rational thinking goes out the window so that we can be within the group

113
Q

Social facilitation

A

When people show increased level of effort when other are watching. (real or imagined)

114
Q

Social loafing

A

A where an individual exerts less effort in a group than they would if they were working individually.

115
Q

Deindividuation

A

When individuals in a group setting believe they cannot be identified which reduces their accountability and thus they part take in behaviors they normally would not.

116
Q

Psychological disorders

A

Characterized by clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition emotion regulation or behavior that REFLECTS a dysfunction in psychological biological or developmental processes underlying mental functions

117
Q

Biopsychosocial model

A

Believes its biological, psychological and social conditionals that led to mental disorders.

118
Q

Evidence-based practice

A

The integration of the best available research with clinical expertise in the context of patient characteristics, culture and preferences.

119
Q

Comorbidity

A

Two or more disorders in the same individual

120
Q

Abnormal behaviour

A

Any behavior that deviates from what is considered normal.

121
Q

Diathesis-stress model

A

A combination of stressful life events and family history6/genetic predistortion and childhood trauma that determines how likely one is to develop a mental disorder

122
Q

Psychoanalytic/psychodynamic therapy

A

Focused on bring UNCONSCIOUS struggles into the consciousness

123
Q

Person/Client-centered therapy

A

Encouragement of personal growth through self understanding. It’s a safe and comfortable setting with empathy and reflective listening.

124
Q

Cognitive behavioural therapy

A

Attempts to modify maladaptive thought patterns

125
Q

Psychotropic medication/pharmacotherapy

A

Believes that medication

126
Q

Neurodevelopmental disorders

A

Disorders that affect how your brain functions. EX:ASD, ADHD, conduct disorder

127
Q

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

A

A disorder characterized by deficits in social relatedness and communication skills that are often accompanied by repetitive, ritualistic behaviour.

128
Q

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

A

A disorder characterized by either unusual inattentiveness, hyperactivity with impulsivity, or both.

129
Q

Schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders

A

A mental disorder chaoticities by altercations in perception, emotions thoughts or consciousness

130
Q

Positive symptoms

A

Things that a “normal” person doesn’t have that people with Schizophrenia have (Excesses in behavior). At least one of these behaviors needs to be present to gain a diagnosis
Ex: delusions, hallucinations and disorganized behaviors

131
Q

Negative symptoms

A

Things that a “normal” person has that people with Schizophrenia lack (deficits in functions) At least one of these behaviors needs to be present to gain a diagnosis
Ex: Isolation, Apathy, and blunted emtion.

132
Q

Mood disorders

A

Prolonged and extreme changes in moods that effect how a person can function daily

133
Q

Major depressive disorder

A

Long periods of depressed mood, loss of pleasure in normal activities, disturbances in sleep and appetite, difficulty concentrating, feelings of hopelessness, and possible thoughts of suicide.

134
Q

Depressive attributional style

A

When someone experiences painful stimuli so much they will come to expect that such events are internal, unstable, and global thus developing a sense of hopelessness and depression as a result

135
Q

Cognitive triad

A

Thoughts about self, world, and future. In all the three instances, depressed individuals tend to have negative views

136
Q

Bipolar disorder

A

A mood disorder characterized by alternating periods of mania and depression.

137
Q

Mania/manic episode

A

Characterized by elated mood, increased activity diminished need for sleep, grandiose ideas, racing thoughts and extreme distractibility.

138
Q

Electroconvulsive therapy

A

Medical treatment most commonly used in patients with severe major depression or bipolar disorder that has not responded to other treatments.

139
Q

Deep brain stimulation

A

An elective surgical procedure in which electrodes are implanted into certain brain areas

140
Q

Anxiety disorders

A

Excessive anxiety in the absence of TRUE danger

141
Q

Generalized anxiety disorder

A

Repeated panic attacks and fear of future attacks.

142
Q

Specific phobias

A

fears of objects or situations other than those associated with agoraphobia and social anxiety disorder

143
Q

Panic disorder

A

Repeated panic attacks and fear of future attacks

144
Q

Agoraphobia

A

Fear of open places.

145
Q

Social anxiety disorder

A

an unrealistic fear of being scrutinized and criticized by others when meeting new people or when speaking in public leading to avoidance.

146
Q

Obsessive compulsive disorder

A

A disorder associated with intrusive obsessions and compulsions.

147
Q

Obsessions

A

Recurrent intrusive and unwanted thoughts/ideas or mental image. Often include fear of contamination, accidents and of being one’s own aggression.

148
Q

Compulsions

A

Particular acts that one feels driven to perform over and over again. Often includes cleaning, checking and counting

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