Psych 101 chap 12-14 Flashcards
Broca’s area
In the front of the brain, vital to the production of language. If damaged makes it hard to speak.
Wernicke’s area
In the temporal and partial lobes and vital for comprehension of language. If damaged makes people unable to comprehend language.
Non-fluent aphasia
Damage to the Broca’s area where people find it hard to find and say the right words, although they probably know exactly what they WANT to say.
Fluent aphasia
Damage to the Wernicke. Person can speak normal like sentences but the words are made up or have incorrect sounds.
bilingualism/multilingualism
Even 100 years ago, multilingualism was seen as a negative, in the past 50 years it seems it can help with mental flexibility, executive control (debated) help slow mental decay and contribute to cognitive reserve.. BUT people who are multilingualism scored worse on verbal fluently.
linguistic determinism
the concept that language and its structures limit and determine human knowledge or thought, as well as thought processes such as categorization, memory, and perception.(strong form)
Analogical representation
Means representation which maintain some of the physical picture of the object (ex: an image of a princess)
Symbolic representation
Representation which does NOT correspond to the physical picture of an actual object (ex: the word princess share NO qualities of a princess, it’s just a stand in)
prototype model
Objects are categorized according to how close they resemble the “prototype” (or the best example) of the category
cognition
The branch of psychology dedicated to studying how people THINK
linguistic relativism
The proposal that the particular language we speak influences the way we think about reality, forms one part of the broader question of how language influences thought.
exemplar model
Individuals make category judgments by comparing new stimuli with instances already stored in memory and the “exemplar”. The new stimuli is assigned to category based on how many similarities it holds with the exemplar in the model.
concept
A mental representation that group objects, events or relations around common themes.
defining attributes (or classic categorization) models
Object are categorized according to a certain set of rules or a specific set of features. Membership is an all or nothing basis.
decision making
Attempting to select the BEST alternative among several options. (Maximizing vs Satisficing)
taxonomic vs. thematic categorization strategies
Taxonomic bases categorization om rules while Thematic bases categorization on resemblance. Taxonomic is more western and Thematic is more eastern.
analytic vs. holistic thinking styles
Analytic thinkers focus on individual objects (western) and holistic thinkers considers the context as a whole.
deductive reasoning
A logical approach where you progress from general ideas to specific conclusions.
inductive reasoning
A method of reasoning where you draw conclusions by going from the specific to general.
satisficers vs. maximizers
Maximizing is trying to find the best possible outcome vs. Satisficing is when you find what is good enough and just happy to have a decision.
algorithm
A step by step procedures that provide the CORRECT answer to a particular problem.
heuristics
Shortcuts/ rule of thumb used to reduce the amount of thinking that is needed to make a decision.
representativeness heuristic
occurs when we estimate the probability of an event based on how similar it is to a known situation
availability heuristic
Estimating the frequency of an event based on how easily examples come to mind.
recognition heuristic
A bias where humans place a higher value on something they recognize rather than something unfamiliar.
affect heuristic
How often we rely on our EMOTIONS rather than concrete information when making decisions.
framing effects
The changes in the way information is perceived as well as the result of the way information was presented
problem
A task where there is a need to accomplished a goal and the resolution is not clear.
problem-solving
Finding a way around an obsutle to reach a goal
mental set
The brain tendency to stick with the most familiar solution to a problem and ignoring other alternatives.
functional fixedness
When you only thinking about a tool or object in the way that it was intended to be used instead of other ways it could possibly be used.
intelligence
The human ability to use knowledge, solve problem, understand complex ideas, learn quickly and adapt to environmental challenges.
eugenics
The belief that you can make perfect humans and eliminate “social ills” through genetics and heredity. (these perfect humans were often white)
psychometrics
The field of psychology devoted to testing, measuring, assessment etc.
Flynn effect
When the average IQ has been increasing slowly since 1932.
intelligence quotient
AKA IQ which was made by Lewis Terman. A score on a normed test which compares how you scored to other who have taken the test. To get the results it’s mental age/ chronological age x 100.
general intelligence
The idea that ONE general factor underlies all mental abilities
crystallized intelligence
Knowledge that is acquired through experience and they use this knowledge to solve problems.
fluid intelligence
your ability to process new information, learn, and solve problems logically WITHOUT the need to use learned information.
factor analysis
Statistical way of looking at peoples responses and see how individuals correlate with one another.
normal curve
A reoccurring phenomenon in psychology where the majority is in the middle (60%) and the ends are small (13% on both extreme) and the very ends are very small (2% on both extremes)
dysrationalia
The inability to think logically and RATIONALLY despite being smart.
growth (incremental) vs. fixed (entity) mindsets
Growth mindset: That a person’s intelligence and abilities can grow and improve with practice
Fixed Mindset: That a person’s intelligence and abilities are something you are born with and that you cannot be changed.
Sternberg’s theories on intelligence
analytical, practical, creative, successful
Sternberg: Analytical
Being able to think in an academic way and answer logical questions
Sternberg: Practical
Thinking through things in the real world context
Sternberg: Creative
Being able to come up with new and innovative ways to think of things
Sternberg: Successful
One’s ability to set and accomplish personally meaningful goals in one’s life, given one’s cultural context.
Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences
The idea that people can show different skills in varity of different domains
emotional intelligence
The ability to manage one’s emotions, recognize the emotions in others, understand emotional language and use emotions to guide thoughts and action
Idiographic approaches
Personality test that is person centered focus on individual lives and understanding how people see themselves
Nomothetic approaches
Personality traits that focus on common traits and how they make unique combinations. More seeing how people will project themselves onto different situations.
Projective measures
Based on Freud and provides ambiguous stimulus and then they projective onto their own personality
Objective measures
This system is based on self reporting and mostly rated on yes or no answers.
Psychodynamic theory
The researching the psychological factors that underline human behavior, feelings, emotions and how they might relate to early experience.
Id
The part of the unconscious mind (no accessible) we are born with that is very selfish and only worries about itself
Self-esteem
How WE value and perceive ourselves
Ego
Mediates between the id and the superego and works with both of them. (In a healthily person) the ego is the strongest.
Defence mechanisms
Strategies’ the unconscious mind uses to protect itself. (ex: repression)
Superego
Develops through childhood as you learn rules of right and wrong to do that your family and society teach you. The opposites of the id.
Humanistic approaches
The idea that people seek personal growth to fulfil their full potential and is human centered. That people need unconditional positive regard.
Self-actualization
The want to become more and more
Person-centered
The humanistic belief that the client is inherently driven toward and has the CAPACITY for growth and self actualization.
Unconditional positive regard
A humanistic approach that means you should express empathy, supports and acceptance to someone, regradless of what they say or do. (love the person not the behaviors.)
Self-concept
A set of perception and belief about ones SELF
Self-handicapping
Engaging in a behavior known to hurt your performance at something (like getting too little sleep)
Personality trait
Reflects peoples characteristics patterns of thoughts, feelings and behaviors.
Interdependent self-construal
The extent to which to which people see the self as a part of others or interpedently?
What is the differences interdependent self-construal in Western culture and Eastern cultures
Western culture: tends to have independent self-construal ( you are the part of your self) [ I am funny, smart, kind]
Eastern culture: tends to have interdepend self-construal ( your family and friends are a part of the self) [ I am good with kids, good I making my friends laugh, I tutor for my school]
Reciprocal determinism
Of how personality is effected by the environment and how the environment is equally effected by the person.
Self-efficacy
The belief that you can handle a challenging situation and obtain future rewards.
Self-regulation
A clear tradeoff between long term goals and short term temptations
Self-control
Self regulation in context involving a clear tradeoff between long term goal and short term temptations
Locus of control
The degree to which people believe that they have control over the outcome of events in their lives. (Internal = Active [I, me])
(External = [them, you])
Delay of gratification
The act of resisting an impulse to take an immediately available reward in the hope of obtaining a more valued reward in the future.
Personality trait
Characteristics and dispositional tendencies for a person to act a certain way across different times and circumstances
Big Five theory
Five broad personality traits used to describe peoples personality.
What are the five traits in the Big Five theory?
Openness to experience, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Introversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism.
Openness to experiences
Experiences involves fantasy, an apperception for the arts, feelings, actions, ideas and values.
Conscientiousness
Incorporates competence, order, dutifulness, achievement striving self-discipline and deliberation.
Extraversion
Warmth, gregariousness, assertiveness, activity, excitement seeking and positive emotion though they can be insensitive and overbearing.
Introversion
Cool, reserved, passivity and caution though they tend to be sensitive and reflective.
Agreeableness
Trustful, straightforwardness, altruism, compliance, modesty and tender mindedness
Neuroticism
Combine anxiety, angry/hostility, depression, self-consciences, impulsivity and vulnerability
Conformity
Changing one’s behaviors to match other behaviors or to fit in with the social norm
Social norms
The generally accepted why or thinking feeling and behaving that most people (in a group) agree on as right and proper
Descriptive social norms
What people ACTUALLY think feel or do (describing)
Prescriptive social norms
What people SHOULD think, feel or do
Informational influence
We adopt the group consciences because it SEEMS correct
Normative influence
We adapt the group consciences to identification with the group because we want to be SEEN as a members of that group.
Compliance
A change in a person’s behavior in response to a direct request even though the requestor has no authority over them.
Door-in-the-face
Making a person compile by starting off with a large request that they know the person will say no to and then making a second lesser request that now doesn’t seem so bad and the person is more likely to say yes.
Foot-in-the-door
Making a person compile by asking another person for a small request first then building up to larger and larger requests.
Low-balling
Making a person compile by making a very attractive (initial) offer so that person will accept and then making the terms less favorable
Obedience
When someone does a request because the requestor is in a position of authority.
Halo effect
Attractiveness and the tendency to assign positive qualities to an attractive person
Thin slices of behaviour
A field of research that gives people a “tiny slice of behavior” for the person to then form an opinion on the person and then how well they connect to the real person.
Attributions
Judgment about the CAUSE of another person behaviors
Dispositional attributions
Explanation for internal characteristics
Situational attributions
Explanation of external events
Fundamental attribution error
When we overemphasis personal factors and ignore situational factors to explain other behaviors
Correspondence bias
When we overemphasis personal factors and underestimate situational factors to explain other behaviors
Actor-observer bias
When we are talking about our fault we tend to equate it to situational factors and we are talking about others fault, we equate it to personal factors
Self-serving bias
When we perform positive behavior, we attribute it to personal factors, when we perform a negative behavior, we attribute it to situational factors
Stereotypes
A fixed, oversimplified and often biased belief about a group of people.
Prejudice
Negative judgement and attitudes towards a person based purely on their group membership
Discrimination
Inappropriate and unjustified treatment of people based on their group
Factor analyis
When we want to see how scores will cluster together.
Bystander effect
When there is an emergency and because there are other people present, the individual is discouraged from intervening in the situation.
Diffusion of responsibility
Happens during the bystander effect, when there is an emergency and their are other people around, we feel less responsible to the emergency and believes other will do it.
Audience inhibition
When people perform worse in the presence of a crowd.
Groupthink
When a group need to come to a decision and our rational thinking goes out the window so that we can be within the group
Social facilitation
When people show increased level of effort when other are watching. (real or imagined)
Social loafing
A where an individual exerts less effort in a group than they would if they were working individually.
Deindividuation
When individuals in a group setting believe they cannot be identified which reduces their accountability and thus they part take in behaviors they normally would not.
Psychological disorders
Characterized by clinically significant disturbance in an individual’s cognition emotion regulation or behavior that REFLECTS a dysfunction in psychological biological or developmental processes underlying mental functions
Biopsychosocial model
Believes its biological, psychological and social conditionals that led to mental disorders.
Evidence-based practice
The integration of the best available research with clinical expertise in the context of patient characteristics, culture and preferences.
Comorbidity
Two or more disorders in the same individual
Abnormal behaviour
Any behavior that deviates from what is considered normal.
Diathesis-stress model
A combination of stressful life events and family history6/genetic predistortion and childhood trauma that determines how likely one is to develop a mental disorder
Psychoanalytic/psychodynamic therapy
Focused on bring UNCONSCIOUS struggles into the consciousness
Person/Client-centered therapy
Encouragement of personal growth through self understanding. It’s a safe and comfortable setting with empathy and reflective listening.
Cognitive behavioural therapy
Attempts to modify maladaptive thought patterns
Psychotropic medication/pharmacotherapy
Believes that medication
Neurodevelopmental disorders
Disorders that affect how your brain functions. EX:ASD, ADHD, conduct disorder
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
A disorder characterized by deficits in social relatedness and communication skills that are often accompanied by repetitive, ritualistic behaviour.
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
A disorder characterized by either unusual inattentiveness, hyperactivity with impulsivity, or both.
Schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders
A mental disorder chaoticities by altercations in perception, emotions thoughts or consciousness
Positive symptoms
Things that a “normal” person doesn’t have that people with Schizophrenia have (Excesses in behavior). At least one of these behaviors needs to be present to gain a diagnosis
Ex: delusions, hallucinations and disorganized behaviors
Negative symptoms
Things that a “normal” person has that people with Schizophrenia lack (deficits in functions) At least one of these behaviors needs to be present to gain a diagnosis
Ex: Isolation, Apathy, and blunted emtion.
Mood disorders
Prolonged and extreme changes in moods that effect how a person can function daily
Major depressive disorder
Long periods of depressed mood, loss of pleasure in normal activities, disturbances in sleep and appetite, difficulty concentrating, feelings of hopelessness, and possible thoughts of suicide.
Depressive attributional style
When someone experiences painful stimuli so much they will come to expect that such events are internal, unstable, and global thus developing a sense of hopelessness and depression as a result
Cognitive triad
Thoughts about self, world, and future. In all the three instances, depressed individuals tend to have negative views
Bipolar disorder
A mood disorder characterized by alternating periods of mania and depression.
Mania/manic episode
Characterized by elated mood, increased activity diminished need for sleep, grandiose ideas, racing thoughts and extreme distractibility.
Electroconvulsive therapy
Medical treatment most commonly used in patients with severe major depression or bipolar disorder that has not responded to other treatments.
Deep brain stimulation
An elective surgical procedure in which electrodes are implanted into certain brain areas
Anxiety disorders
Excessive anxiety in the absence of TRUE danger
Generalized anxiety disorder
Repeated panic attacks and fear of future attacks.
Specific phobias
fears of objects or situations other than those associated with agoraphobia and social anxiety disorder
Panic disorder
Repeated panic attacks and fear of future attacks
Agoraphobia
Fear of open places.
Social anxiety disorder
an unrealistic fear of being scrutinized and criticized by others when meeting new people or when speaking in public leading to avoidance.
Obsessive compulsive disorder
A disorder associated with intrusive obsessions and compulsions.
Obsessions
Recurrent intrusive and unwanted thoughts/ideas or mental image. Often include fear of contamination, accidents and of being one’s own aggression.
Compulsions
Particular acts that one feels driven to perform over and over again. Often includes cleaning, checking and counting
