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Psy 201 Flashcards

1
Q

Social Psychology

A

The study of social processes and how the presences others affect the way we think, feel and behave

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2
Q

What is the power of situation?

A

They can determine our behaviors despite being with different people

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3
Q

Give an otherview of the Milgram study

A

There was a 1 participant and one actor playing as a participant. The participant would be instructed to shock the other for any wrong answer starting at 15 volts to 450 volts (which is deathly) . The actor was meant to scream in pain and beg for help and the experimenter, who was an actor in a lab coat, was to encourage people to keep going.

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4
Q

What did the Milgram study show?

A

It showed the effects of authority and how far people are willing to go based on authorities instructions.

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5
Q

Fundamental Attribution Error

A

The tendency to overestimate the role of personality and underestimated the role of situations when explaining peoples behaviors.

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6
Q

How do construal’s affect behavior?

A

How we interpet a situation will influnece how we act in that situation

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6
Q

Channel Factors

A

Small situational factors can have large influences on behavior by guiding behavior in a particular

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7
Q

Construal

A

Interpretation and inferences made about stimulus or situation. It is an active process.

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8
Q

Schemas

A

General Knowlegde about the physical and soicla world. Include expection about how to behave in different situaions and influnece behavior and jugdements.

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9
Q

Stereotypes

A

Schemas about specific social groups

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10
Q

Why are stereotypes a double edged sword?

A

Pro: They can make social interaction more efficient as people believe they know what to expect
Con: They can be applied incorrectly and given too much influence on judgment.

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11
Q

Automatic Processing

A

Involuntary and unconscious
Often based on EMOTIONAL responses.

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12
Q

Theory

A

A body of related propositions intended to describe some aspect of the world

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13
Q

Hypothesis

A

A preduction about what will happen under particular circumstances. Testable and gives theoriees practial vaules.

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14
Q

Observational Research

A

Involves observing participants in social situations. Attempts to systematically observe behavior but may need additional measures like interviews and questionnaires.

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15
Q

Archival research

A

Involves analyzing social behaviors documented in past records. (Newspapers, police reports, hospital record etc.) Can be used to test theories.

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16
Q

Surveys

A

Involves asking participants questions usually through an interview or questionnaire.
Important to consider the number and type of people in a survey.

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17
Q

Random Sample

A

When every person in the population has an equal chance of being picked.

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18
Q

Why are random samples important?

A

This help give a more diverse sample as well as create an unbiased sample.

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19
Q

Correlation research

A

Research that examines the relationships between variables without manipulating the situations or items the participants have experienced.

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20
Q

Can correlational equal causation?

A

NO!!! Correlation can only determine if the variables are related, not if x causes y.

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21
Q

Third Variable

A

External variables that can explain correlation.

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21
Q

Experimental research

A

Invovles assinging participants to different situations or condiotns. Behaviors are systmeatilcally measured and compared with how different manipulations affect the beahovior. These allows researchers to make a CAUSAL claim.

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22
Q

Self Selection

A

Researchers have no control over characteristics choices and behaviors of the particiapants.

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23
Q

Independent variable

A

The variable that is manipulated and hypothesized to change the dependent variable.

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24
Q

Dependent Variable

A

The variable being mearsured

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25
Q

Control group/conditon

A

This is the group that excludes the IV, meaning it can be compared to the IV.

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26
Q

Experimental group

A

This group has the IV and it being changed.

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27
Q

External validity

A

Experimental results can generalize to the population and how much it resembles the real world

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28
Q

Internal Valdity

A

How confident are you that the result were caused by the manipulated variables

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29
Q

Reliability

A

How consistently a test will measure the variable of intrest

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30
Q

Test Reliability

A

Can you repeat the study and get the same results?

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31
Q

Internal Consistency

A

It measures whether several items that propose to measure the same general construct produce similar scores.

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32
Q

Inter-rater reliability

A

Will you get the same results from different researchers watching the same study?

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33
Q

Validity

A

The degree that a test accurately measures the variable of interest

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34
Q

Content Validity

A

evaluates how well an instrument (like a test) covers all relevant parts of the construct it aims to measure.

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35
Q

Construct Validity

A

how well a test measures the concept it was designed to evaluate.

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36
Q

Creiteration related Validity

A

evaluates how accurately a test measures the outcome it was designed to measure

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37
Q

Statisical signifaince

A

Measure the probability that a given result would have occurred if there were no “real” relationship

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38
Q

Basic Research

A

Trying to gain knowledge in it’s own right. Not aiming to gain greater understanding of the phenomenon

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39
Q

Applied Research

A

Concerned with using current understanding of a phenomenon in order to solve a real world problem

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40
Q

Social Self

A

Who we are as a person

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41
Q

What are the three kinds of self

A

The indidvudal, the relational self and the collective self

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42
Q

The individual

A

Our own beliefs about our unique personal traits ablieites talents etc.

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43
Q

Relational Self

A

Beliefs about our identities in spefici relationships

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44
Q

Collective self

A

Beliefs about our identities as members of social group to which we belong

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45
Q

Reflected self Appraisal

A

Come from how we think people see us, directly or indirectly. This is OUR idea of our self and how we hold ourselves.

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46
Q

Situationism and self

A

We are not fixed and we can shift and changed based on the situation we are in

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47
Q

Working self concept

A

Subset of self knowlegde that is brought to mind in a particular context

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48
Q

Distinctiveness

A

We highlight aspect of the self that make us feel most unique in a given context

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49
Q

Independent view of self (Individualistic)

A

Self is seen as distinct autonomous entity separate from other and defined by individual traits. Common in Western European culture

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50
Q

Interdependent view of self

A

Self is seen as a connected to other, defined by social duties and shared traits and preferences. Common in Asian and African cultures.

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51
Q

How does gender play a role in the social self?

A

Across culture, men generally have more independent self view and women have more of a interdependent self view

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52
Q

What are some reasons men and women’s self views are different?

A

Socialization: Parents, schools and society reinforcing stereotypes
Evolution: Enhance survival and reproductive success

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53
Q

Self esteem

A

Positive or negative overall evaluation of self that each person has.

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54
Q

How do we measure self esteem?

A

Rosenberg scale

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55
Q

Contingences of self worth

A

Self esteem is contingent on successes and failures in domain on which a person has based their self worth

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56
Q

Social Acceptance

A

Sociometer hypothesis which is more specific than general contingencies. Self esteems is an internal subjective index to the extent that a person is included and favored by others.

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57
Q

How does culture play a role in self esteem?

A

While those in Individualistic culture are rated higher for self esteem, it is not a perfect score as the way we score self esteem is based on self and not other, being those in Collectivistic cultures may view self esteem differently.

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58
Q

Impact to self esteem Individualistic v Collectivistic

A

Individualistic: More value on self achievements and self accomplishments.
Collectivistic: More value on self improvement and contributions to others

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59
Q

What are some dangers of high self esteem?

A

Can be sensitive to threats, insults and challenges and they may react more aggressively especially if the high self esteem is unwarranted.

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60
Q

Social comparison theory

A

The hypothesis that we evaluate ourselves through comparison to other and weather they are above or below us we either feel better or motived to improvement.

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61
Q

Self affirmation

A

The ability to maintain self esteem despite negative feedback. Typically, you will find another part of yourself to reaffirm your self esteem.

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62
Q

Do people have accurate views of themsevles?

A

No. Most well adjusted people have a SIGHTLY unrealsitc view of themselves and it doesn’t mean they are disregulated.

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63
Q

What are some benefits to (mild)unrealistic self view

A

Elevated positive mood, making people more social, and promotes the purist of persistence goals.

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64
Q

Self verification

A

We care more about having stable accurate beliefs about ourselves. We do this by recalling time where we were consistent with the info and enter relationships that promote this consistency.

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65
Q

Self Regulation

A

Helps us manage and regulate our behavior and abtain and control behavior.

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66
Q

Self discrepancy theory

A

The idea our behaviors are motivated by the discrepancies between different aspects of the self.

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67
Q

What are the three selves in Self discrepancy theory?

A

Ought self: The person you/others feel you should be
Actual self: The person you belief you currently are
Ideal self: The person you aspire/want to be

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68
Q

Public v Private face

A

Public: Aware and control of what other think of you
Private: Aware of our own internal feelings, thoughts and preferences
These face may NOT match

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69
Q

Self monitoring

A

The tendency to monitor and scrutinize one’s behavior when in a public situation.

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70
Q

High v Low self monitoring

A

High: Attuned to social cues and normal and always adjusting
Low: Less concerned with conforming to expectations and more consistent across context

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71
Q

Self Handicapping

A

Self defeating behaviors to have a ready to use excuse for poor behavior and make us think that low performances aren’t our fault

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72
Q

Snap jugdments

A

Quick judgments about a self based off limited info. Can be accurate or not.

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73
Q

Attribution theory

A

Gerenal term for theories about how people explain the causes of events they observe

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74
Q

Causal attribution

A

Explanation for the cause of your or another person behavior. Weill influence how you respond to the situation

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75
Q

Attributions

A

Internal: Behavior is a reflection of the person
External: Behavior is a reflection of the situation

76
Q

What the three explanatory dimesnions?

A

Internal v external: The link to the self or to the external situation
Stable v unstable: How much the cause is seen as a fixed or as something temporary
Global v specific: Degree that the cause is seen as affecting other areas in life or is restricted to affecting one specific area

77
Q

Pessimistic Attribution style

A

Internal stable and global attribution are made for negative event.

78
Q

Covariation principle

A

Helps us analysis more specific events. Has two main factors: Consensus, if people behavior similar in similar situations and Distinctive: Specific to events and location

79
Q

Emotional Amplifiction

A

Emotional reactions are more intense if it’s easier to imagine the situation.

80
Q

Self serving bias

A

Tendency to attribute failure to external factors and success to internal factors

81
Q

Fundamental attribution error

A

Tendency to underestimate external factors and overestimate internal behavior

82
Q

Framed effects

A

Judgments about the social world based on how info is presented

83
Q

Primacy v Recency Effect

A

Primacy: Info that is presented first is more remember than info in the middle
Recency: Info that is presented last has more weight than something that is in the middle

84
Q

Spin framing

A

Where the context of the info impacts the way we see it (Positive and Negative)

85
Q

Construal level theory

A

The idea that things are more psychosocially distant, they feel less real and abstract. Compared to psychologically close things which seem more concrete and easier to visual.

86
Q

Confirmation Bias

A

When we think a certain outcome is going to happen and thus look for info that confirms that

87
Q

Motivated Confirmation

A

People are motivated to deliberately search for evidence that support their expectations or preference. WILL ignore sources that do not confirm their biases

88
Q

Bottom up processing

A

Starts at sensory input and smaller details and then builds up from there

89
Q

Top down processing

A

Starts from prior knowledge and works down to the more simple sensory information

90
Q

What are the influences of schemas

A

Attention: Influence what we pay attention to

Memory: Help encode and retrieve info, the better it fits into a subject the better we remember it

Construal: Our existing belief help us interpret info from prior info

Behavior: Provide expectation on how to react and act in different situations

Consciousness of activation: We dont always know it’s happening and when we are being affected

91
Q

Emotions

A

Brief specific response to goal relevant events. Have both physiological and psychological factors.

92
Q

Emotion vs Mood

A

Emotion: Brief (Minutes) and specific
Mood: Longer ( hours/days) and doesn’t come from specific things

93
Q

How do emotions motivate behavior?

A

Emotions motivate our behavior psychologically( impacts the way you are acting in different situations) and physiological( It’s preparing your body for the reaction the emotions cause)

94
Q

What are the two branches of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Sympathetic: Fight or flight ( pupil dilation, heart racing lung expands)

Parasympathetic: Restorative response, calms you down ( pupil pinpoint, heart slowing down, lungs relaxing)

95
Q

Psychoglocal state (aka appraisl)

A

How we feel our emotion

96
Q

Apprisal

A

How objects and events in our environment are evaluated to our current goals. Then we make sense of what is happening in front of us.

97
Q

What are the two cognitive appraisal states?

A

Primary appraisal: Initial and quick, gut feeling and helps us determine if it’s helpful for our well being

Secondary Appraisal: Accesses the gut feeling and decides to feel. Later concerns why we feel the way we do.

98
Q

What are the 6 universal facial expressions? (from the 1960 study)

A

Happiness, sadness, anger, disgust, fear and surprise.

99
Q

Where do emotions come from, evolution or culture?

A

Both! Some emotional response are innate and universal but what accents and how we display them is cultural

100
Q

What are some evolutionary explanation

A

They are biological based behavior adaptions meant to promote survival and reproduction.

101
Q

Cultural expectations on emotions

A

Emotions are influenced by views of self, social values and social roles and they vary from culture to culture.

102
Q

Focal Emotions

A

Emotions that stand out and are emphasized within a culture

103
Q

Ideal emotions

A

These are the values and emotions that are promoted within a culture and support the values of the culture.

104
Q

Social functional theory

A

Emotions help navigate social dynamics

105
Q

What is the role of oxytocin

A

Called the love hormone and plays a key role of maintain and building bond. It is released during intimate moments.

106
Q

Emotional mimicry

A

Unconscious imitation of emotions. It says that I am listening and understand you. (Mimicking the person facial expression that we are interreacting with)

107
Q

How can different things influence our emotion perceptions

A

Circumstance: Our environment play

Broader Judgment:

Priming perception:

108
Q

Happiness

A

Plays a huge factor in our life.

109
Q

Happiness for individualists v collectivists

A

individualists : Archiving goals and having personal success is highly valued and brings happiness

collectivists: More about maintaining relationships and social balance that brings happiness

110
Q

Measurements of happiness

A

Life satisfactions and emotional well being.

111
Q

What are advantages to happiness?

A

More successful marriages, longer lives and more creative and productive work.

112
Q

What are some influences on happiness?

A

Age: The older we get the more we priorize relationship and have more experience
Wealth: To a certain point, wealth makes you happier but too much wealthier decreases happiness.

113
Q

Ways to increase happiness

A

Putting emotions into words and expressing positive social emotions.

114
Q

Duration neglect

A

We only really remember the peak moments of these event and thus misremember the length of the event.

115
Q

Addictive forecasting

A

Predicting how we will feel during or after a particular event in the future. We tend to overestimate how long negative emotions will effect us.

116
Q

Immune neglect

A

Tendency to underestimate our resilience during negative life events. We are really good at coming back from negative emotins/events.

117
Q

Focalism

A

Tendency to focuses on only one aspect of an experience when trying to predict future emotions.

118
Q

Morality

A

The ways we indicates what is the “right” and “wrong” way to behave

119
Q

Moral Attitudes

A

Consistent over time, resistant to change, and predictive of behavior

120
Q

What is Kohlberg model?

A

Believes the morals develop in a series of stages.

121
Q

What is Kohls first stage of development?

A

Preconventional: 1. Obedience and punishment orientation and 2. Self interest orientation

122
Q

What is kohls second stage of development?

A

Conventional: 3. Interpersonal conformity and 4. Authority Orientation

123
Q

What is kohls third stage of development?

A

Post Conventional: 5. Social Contract Orientation and 6. Universal Ethics

124
Q

What are some of the critisim of Kohlberg

A

Too western and uses men as the norm without considering differences for women.

125
Q

Social Intuitionist Model

A
  1. Moral Intuitions: Automatic reactions and based on our upbring and our moral ideals
    2, Moral judgment: Guides us to judge wheatear or not something is right to wrong and also very quick
  2. Rationalization: Judgment is made we use reasoning to justifying
    why we made it.
126
Q

What are the five moral foundations?

A

Harm/care: Sensitivity to vulnerable others and to care for those in need.
Fairness/reciprocity: Want to have justice, equal treatment and ideal.
Ingroup/loyalty: Want to protect and promote people in their group
Authority/respect: Wanting to maintain social stablity, order and respect to those above us
Purity/sanctity: The feeling of contamination physically and morally, comes with feelings of disgust

127
Q

Are emotions always caused by things?

A

No. They can be partial (from things we care about), arbitrary ( from things that are irrelevant) and unreasoned( not caused or controlled by anything)

128
Q

Empathy

A

Empathy allow us to feel what another person is feeling allow and give us a deeper moral connection. Can be negative and positive.

129
Q

Is empathy instinctive?

A

Yes

130
Q

When can our empathy be biased?

A

When we are close to the person, when we have more detail (vividness) and when it’s salience (attention grabbing)

131
Q

Disgust

A

An emotional response to something seen as potentially harmful and/or morally contradictory

132
Q

What is attitude?

A

A favorable or unfavorable evaluative reaction toward something or someone which is shown in one’s beliefs feelings or intended behaviors

133
Q

The evaluation of attitudes

A

Affect: How you feel when you see is going reflect later

Cognition: The knowledge and beliefs we have about an object (outside emotions) (thoughts, images etc.)

Behavior: Actions and observable behaviors we make towards the object

134
Q

Explicit v Implicit Attitudes

A

Explicit: Where we consciously endorse and can easily report
Implicit: Attitude which are involuntary uncontrollable and at times nonconscious

135
Q

Likert scale

A

A numerical scale used to assess people’s attitude. It’s very simple making it hard to analysis complex emotions

136
Q

Can you use self report to measure implicit attitude?

A

No.

137
Q

Where do attitudes come from?

A

Learned through experience, exposure and heuristics(mental shortcuts).

138
Q

How do attitudes become strong?

A

Greater accessibility, surrounding yourself with others who share the same attitudes, and gathering evidence to confirm your attitude

139
Q

Do attitudes alway predict behavior

A

It does not always predict behavior and attempting to change behaviors by changing attitudes doesn’t always work

140
Q

Theory of planned behavior

A

Says that the best predictor of a persons behavior are their behavioral intentions. These are:
Attitudes towards specific behaviors, subjective norms and perceived behavioral control.

141
Q

When attitudes not equal behaviors

A

Negative attitude, conflicting components and attitudes that are inconsistence with actions and thoughts?

142
Q

Cognitive consistency

A

People try to maintain consistency between different beliefs and behaviors

143
Q

Balance theory

A

Theory that people try to maintain a balance between their thoughts, feelings and sentiments( the enemy of my enemy is a friend of mine)

144
Q

Cognitive Dissonance Theory

A

That inconsistences between thoughts feelings and behaviors create an unpleasant mental state that we want to resovle.

145
Q

How do we stop cognitive dissonance?

A

Change your behavior or change your beliefs. Easier to change your belief than behaviors.

146
Q

Counter attitudinal advocay

A

The process that occurs when a person states an opinon or attitude that runs COUNTER to their private belief/attitude

147
Q

What is the cognitive dissonance cycle?

A

After committing a cruel act people may reduce dissonance by dehumanize the victim. Each justification can help lead to future justification of just bad or worse behaviors. To avoid, connect the behavior back to the human. Have them talk about how they are a good person and reconnect them to their vaules

148
Q

Effort justification

A

Attempts to reduce dissonance when you make a lot of effort or time that leads to something disappointing. Greater effort expended leads to more dissonance and rationalization.

149
Q

Induced compliance

A

Subtly getting people to act in ways that aren’t consistent with their attitudes. Often leads to change in attitude in order to resolve dissonance.

150
Q

Is dissonance universal?

A

Yes but with different way:
individualists: happen when making choices for themselves
Collectivist: happens when making choices for friends

151
Q

Why does inconsistency produce dissonance?

A

Free choice, insufficient justification and negative consequences.

152
Q

Self Perception theory

A

Theory that people infer their attitudes from observing their behavior and if the behavior is weak or ambiguous it is changeable.

153
Q

System justification Theory

A

People are motivated to defend and justify the status quo even at the expense of personal or group interest. (not just the 1%)

154
Q

Terror management theory

A

Human behavior is influenced by the fear of death and anxiety around it.

155
Q

Parallel feature searches

A

This is when our brain recognizes something that is famiarily and easy to spot without much effort

156
Q

Feature conjugation search

A

This is the more complex processing and will happen in a much more controlled and slow way. Has more than one feature
We cannot parallel search and have to scan every item alone to see both features

157
Q

Priming

A

Activating a concept or association in working memory

158
Q

Semantic Priming

A

Seeing one word can make it easier to say and relate it to a simlar

159
Q

Why automaticity

A

Functional, reduces cognitive work and often prime appropriate behavior for social situation

160
Q

Can automatic responses have negative outcomes?

A

Yes, as these snap judgments about others an led to biases and unfair treatment when we don’t know

161
Q

Social influence

A

How we influence other and how they influence us

162
Q

Compliance

A

Agreeing to the request of another person REGRADLESS of that person status.

163
Q

Foot in the door

A

Making a small request that is accepted and then making a lager request

164
Q

Door in the face

A

Making a big, absurd, request that will be declined and then making a small request that now seems more reasonable.

165
Q

Pluralistic igorance

A

Wrongly believe that our feelings or behaviors are different from those of the group

166
Q

Static v Dynamic Norm compliance

A

Static: The norms in place that we are following right now and is fairly stable

Dynamic: How behaviors change over time and what people are doing more and more

167
Q

Descriptive and prescriptive Norm compliance

A

Descriptive: Description of what people typically do in situations

Prescriptive: The norms of what people SHOULD do in a situations

168
Q

Norm of Reciprocity

A

Feeling obligated to give to someone who has given to us

169
Q

Identification

A

Not really believing in what is being said by the person and not caring when saying it but it’s an attempt to emulate the speaker if they are liked/admired

170
Q

Internalization

A

Adopting a new belief because it’s in line with our beliefs, ideals and value.

171
Q

How can positive emotions influence people?

A

Mood maintenance: People want to maintain a positive mood
Different construal of the request: More likely to trust someone intention when you’re feeling positive

172
Q

How can negative emotions influence people?

A

Negative state relief: More likely to agree to a request when feeling bad because it may make us feel better

Guilt: Feel more obligated to help someone if we feel guilty.

173
Q

Obedience

A

Compliance with an order, request, or law or submission to another’s authority.

174
Q

When is social influence strongest?

A

When situations are ambiguous/difficult and when we feel like we have little knowledge about the situation.

175
Q

Normative social influence

A

Conformity based on the desire to be liked or socially accepted. We can know something is wrong but still do it to fit in.

176
Q

Factors influencing conformity

A

Group size TO A POINT (4 people)

Group unanimity

Expertise and status: the higher the status, the more trustworthy

Difficulty/ambiguity of a task

177
Q

How can anonymity effect social influence?

A

When decisions can be made anonymously, people are much less susceptible to normative social influence.

178
Q

Minority influnce

A

Minority opinion are be influence when it is consistent, confident and steady overtime.

179
Q

Persuasion

A

The active attempt to change, guide and influence our behaviors and actions towards a specific one.

180
Q

McGuires information processing approach

A
  1. Message must capture the audiences attention
  2. Once the message is delivered, they must comprehend the message
  3. They audience must remember their thoughts and feelings when they saw the message ( the thoughts, feelings and ideas)
    4.They must be motivated to act on the message and that it is personally reinvent
181
Q

Elaboration likeihood model

A

Central route: Thoughtful consideration, motivate us to think and deep into the idea. When the message is strong it can make lasting change.

Peripheral route: Superficial cues (how pretty someone is) for when we can’t and won’t think about the message, messages are less impactful and longlasting.

182
Q

Elements of perssuasion

A

Credibility, attractiveness and certainty.

183
Q

Audience charactericis that influnce persuasion

A

Distraction: can enhance for the superficial route but decreases for the central route
Personality: your need for cognition and self esteems
Mood: How you feel can make you more or less open to a message
Age: younger people are generally more open to persuasion

184
Q

How can media influence persuasion?

A

Shared attention: When everyone is talking about it, it feels important

Agenda control: By highlighting a topic, it feels more important than other

185
Q

Fears effect on persuasion

A

Can enhance persuasion when people can feel the severity of the threat and see a solution but won’t if

Too much: Makes people panic and feel overwhelmed

Too little: Makes people feel bored and tune out

186
Q

When does emotional persuasive work best?

A

The audience has low knowledge/involvement and original attitude was created through emotion

187
Q

When does reason persuasive work best?

A

Has high knowledge/involvement, original attitude was created through reason.

188
Q

Six Persuasion Principles

A

Authority: People prefer credible expert

Liking: People respond more affirmatively to those they like

Social proof: People allow the example of others to validate how to think, feel and act

Reciprocity: People feel obliged to repay in kind what they’ve received

Consistency :People tend to honor their public commitments

Scarcity :People prize what’s scarce
Highlight genuinely exclusive information and opportunities

189
Q

Remember strong attitudes bias information processing through

A

Selective Exposure :People with firm belief seek out things that support these beliefs

Selective Attention: Even when people are shown conflating information, they still ignore it or focus on the parts that support their beliefs
Selective Perception: Strong attitude will change our perpetuation to things

Selective Memory: More likely to remember things that support their beliefs and forget things that challenge it

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