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Study decks > Biology midterm 9-15 > Flashcards

Biology midterm 9-15 Flashcards

1
Q

Symbiosis

A

Living together

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2
Q

Mutualism

A

Benefical interaction for both species

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3
Q

Are mutualism and symbiosis the same thing.

A

No. Symbiosis can be negative.

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4
Q

3 types of mutualisms.

A
  1. Nutritional mutualisms: exchange for fixed C for fixed N
  2. Defensive mutualisms: ex: plants and ants: exchange of protection for food
  3. Dispersal mutualisms: Ex: Plants and seeds
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5
Q

Invasional meltdown

A

Positive feedback between mutualist tends to generate runaway population growth

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6
Q

What are the population dynamics of mutualism?

A

It leads to solution in which both populations undergo unchecked exponential growth

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7
Q

What are some of the limits of the population growth of mutualists.

A
  1. A third species such as a predator or a competitor can cause issues
  2. Diminishing returns to mutualism as the population grows
  3. Strong intra-specific competition
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8
Q

Dispersal

A

An individual moving from one population to another. Dispersal allows organisms to colonize new areas, escape competition, and avoid inbreeding.

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9
Q

Metapopulation

A

It’s a collection of spatially distanct population that are conntect thorugh dispersal.

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10
Q

What are spatially distinct populations?

A

A patch

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11
Q

Source and sink dynamics

A

Sinks are population in small patches that would go extinct if it wasn’t for migrants from other population.

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12
Q

What does global coexist require?

A
  1. Pop 1 must sometimes go exstinct in a patch OR new patches must be created from time to time
  2. Pop 2 must be a better disperser than pop 1.
  3. Pop 2 must be a species that can move around a lot.
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13
Q

What are some ways that population can be driven to extinction?

A
  1. Stochasticity: (the random fluctuation in population numbers)
  2. Competitive exclusion
  3. Through predator prey and host-parasite interactions
  4. Allee effects at low density.
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14
Q

Meta community

A

A set of local communities linked by the dispersal of one or more of their shared species.

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15
Q

What determines the number of species on an island?

A

Colonization: a species arriving to the island from somewhere else
Extinction: a species going locally extinct
In-situ speciation: when a lineage splits in two on an island (though this is a slow process )

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16
Q

What was the goal of island biogeography theory.

A

It’s meant to predict the number of species on an island based on the islands size and distance from the mainland. (it ignores insitu speciation in this case)

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17
Q

MacArthur and Wilsons theory of island biogeography.

A

As the colonization rate decreases, the extinction rate increases. When the 2 meet, the species is at equilibrium. The farther an island is from the mainland, the lower the equilibrium and the smaller the equilibrium, the faster the extinction rate.

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18
Q

What is a Trophic level?

A

A hierarchical level system (normally a triangle shape) in an ecosystem, organizing organisms that share the same function in the food chain and the same nutritional relationship.

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19
Q

What are some the typical roles on the trophic levels?

A

Primary producer= plants
Primary consumers= herbivores
Secondary consumers= predators who eat herbivores
Tertiary consumers= carnivores who eat secondary consumer

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20
Q

What is the difference in Food chains and food webs

A

A food chain is a group of organism link in ORDER of the food they eat while a food web is ALL the food chain in a single ecosystem.

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21
Q

Indirect Effects

A

One species alter the effect that another species has on the third.

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22
Q
A
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23
Q

Trophic Cascades (HHS)

A

Interactions between two trophic levels “cascade” to a third trophic level.

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24
Q

What is an example of a Trophic Cascade (HSS)?

A

When the wolf population increases causing the deer population to majorly decline. This in turn will cause the plant population to increase. The wolfs did not directly interact with the grass.

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25
Q

Why is the world green?

A

The world is green because carnivores keep down herbivores so herbivores don’t limit the plant growth.

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26
Q

Top down control

A

Abundance kept low because of predation ( Experimental test= predator removal)

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27
Q

Bottom up control

A

Abundance is kept low because of resources limitation ( Experimental test= resource addition)

28
Q

What is the difference between generalist and specialists.

A

Generalists: Have a wider diet which allow them Varity but is a food creates a adaption preventing their consummation, they will loose that food as a energy source.
Specialists: Have a limited diet to a specific food. They normally have specific adaptation that allow them to eat this food.

29
Q

Why are Plants and herbivore interactions called an “arms race”

A

Plants evolve toxin to reduce herbivories, insects evolve to be immune to these toxins/ over come these defenses and then escalate to try and prevent the insects from eating them.

30
Q

How do vertebrte herbivores aviod these toxins?

A

Most vertebrate herbivores have mixed diets (eating a little of one plant than moving to another) so their body creates different detoxification pathways which helps them avoid too much toxin from one plant.

31
Q

What creates the most species diversity?

A

interactions with other organisms.

32
Q

What is climate change?

A

Not just temperature increase. Circulation patterns are changing (Hadley cells get stronger)
Extreme weather events are becoming more frequent
Local climate changes are affecting organisms

33
Q

What are the 4 things that can happen to organisms as the climate changes.

A

1.Phenotypic Plasticity: They can acclimate to new conditions due to their genes
2. Adaption: They can adapt to new conditions due to evoultion
3. Range shift: They can migrate to suitable conditions
4. Extirpation: They can go extinct globally or locally.

34
Q

Acclimation

A

when an individual organism experiences a change in its phenotype in response to an environmental stressor.

35
Q

Extinction in the words of Edward O. Wilson.

A

The loss of biodiversity is the most important process of environmental change. This is because it is only process that is wholly irreversible. It’s consequences are also the
least predictable, because
the value of the earth’s biota
is largely unstudied and
unappreciated.”

36
Q

What is the theory of evolution.

A

Living things change gradually over time, adaption will arise thorough natural selection.

37
Q

Biodiversity

A

The variety of life on earth, the number and kind of living organism in a given area.

38
Q

What are two meanings of Adaptation

A
  1. Any traits that makes an organism better able to survived or reproduce in a given environment
  2. The evolutionary process that leads to the origin and main brace of such traits. (the important one)
39
Q

What are the two major evolutionary biology.

A

Evolutionary history (Macroevolution) and Evolutionary mechanisms (Microevolution)

40
Q

What is Evolutionary history (Macroevolution)

A

Large scale effects through HISTORY(main thing)
Determines the evolutionary relationships of organisms in terms of common ancestry
Study of long term patterns in evolution

41
Q

Evolutionary mechanisms (Microevolution)

A

Short term and on a species level
Focuses on specific populations from a species
Major forces of evolution
Very experimental and comparative studies of the genetic and ecology of population.

42
Q

Which type of evolution helped determine natural selection.

A

Evolutionary mechanisms (Microevolution)

43
Q

What process are used in evolutionary biology?

A

Observational: Describe and quantify
Theoretical: Develops models in verbal, graphical mathematical and computational
Comparative: Obtain same data from many species
Experimental: Manipulate a system to address a specific hypothesis.

44
Q

What was Lamarck’s theory of evolution?

A

(He was the first person who used the term evolution). Believed organisms were not fixed and instead evolved over time. He believed that the inheritance of acquired characters. ( He believed that over the course of an induvial life time, you could devolve characteristics which then you passed down to your children.)

45
Q

Why is Lamarck wrong?

A

Inheritance only by germ cells (gametes); somatic cells (soma/body) do not function as agents of heredity.

46
Q

William Paley

A

Believed in the “Argument of Design”/static world which meant everything with purpose was made by creator.

47
Q

Darwin and Wallace

A

First comprehensive theory of evolution
Co-discoverers of natrual selection

48
Q

Charles Lyell

A

Helped founded gradualism. Believed that geological processes can help explain the history of the earth.

49
Q

Darwin’s Mechanism of Natural Selection

A

Variation: Individual variation in population
Heredity: Progeny resemble their parents more than unrelated individuals
Selection: Some forms are more successful at surviving and breeding than others in given environment

50
Q

What is a vestigial character

A

Something that used to have meaning in an animal be no longer has any use/significant due to the organism evolution.

51
Q

What is Homology

A

Homology is similarity due to shared ancestry between a pair of structures or genes

52
Q

How can fossils be biased?

A

Organisms that are covered in sediment are preserved more easily

53
Q

What is uniformitarianism

A

The belief that the earth has been shaped by processes like volcanic actives and erosion and that these processes are still happening today.

54
Q

Intermediate forms

A

Evidence to common ancestors through linking features of living and extinct organisms

55
Q

How many genes are shared across all life forms?

A

Approximately 500.

56
Q

Evidence for evolution in the morden day

A

Lots of evidence for evolution in action
The strength of natural selection is measured in the wild
Genomic DNA evidence for vestigial traits
Advances in geology to estimate age of rock strata

57
Q

What were the effects of Darwin’s theory of evolution

A

The concept of a changing universe replaced view of a static world
Natural selection revealed how complex adaptation with important functions can appear through a blind, unplanned process

58
Q

What are 4 important elements of Darwin’s Theory of evolution?

A
  1. Evolution occurs at the population level (induvial dont evolve)
  2. Variation are not determined by
    environment (individuals don’t induce adaptive variation when needed)
  3. Most fir type depends on the environment
  4. “Survival of the fitter” : Evolution works with available variation, will not achieve perfection
59
Q

What does evolutionary change relie on?

A

Mutations

60
Q

Adaptive radiation

A

a rapid increase in the number of species with a common ancestor, characterized by great ecological and morphological diversity

61
Q

Genetic drift

A

Random changes resulting from selectively neutral variability.

62
Q

Classification

A

The systematic grouping of organisms based on structural or functional similarities or evolutionary history.

63
Q

The molecular clock

A

The fact that DNA and protein sequences evolve at a rate that is relatively slow constant over time and among different organisms.

64
Q

Interbreeding Barriers

A

prezygotic:(before the gametes fertilize to create a zygote) and postzygotic barriers.

65
Q

Why do RNA viruses tend to evolve faster than DNA viruses?

A

They have high mutation rates, due to the lack of proof-reading enzymes during replication

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