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Sociology Flashcards

1
Q

functionalism

A

understanding structures and institutions based on their function

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2
Q

manifest functions

A

intended functions of an institution

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3
Q

latent functions

A

unintended functions of an institution

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4
Q

latent dysfunction

A

unintended function of an institution that reinforces social inequality

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5
Q

conflict theory

A

focuses on the competition for resources between structures or groups

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6
Q

What does conflict theory specifically focus on?

A

competing for resources and power

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7
Q

symbolic interactionism

A

how we interact using symbols

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8
Q

examples of symbolic interactionism

A

hand shaking, Thanksgiving dinner

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9
Q

social constructionism

A

the meaning of social structures/concepts emerges from how we think and communicate about them

how symbolic interactionism arises

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10
Q

examples of social constructionism

A

love, gender roles, patriotism

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11
Q

rational choice theory

A

choose actions to maximize the likelihood of accomplishing certain goals

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12
Q

social exchange theory

A

views social interactions as interchanges with costs and rewards

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13
Q

hidden curriculum

A

things you learn in an educational system that are not part of the curriculum

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14
Q

segregation

A

still present in education as schools have uneven populations of students

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15
Q

stratification

A

making layers due to background, ability, etc.

for example, a talented student might be stratified into honors classes and going to college

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16
Q

max weber’s sociology of religion

A

religious organizations exist on a spectrum

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17
Q

theocracy

A

religion is part of educational and legal systems

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18
Q

power

A

the ability of the government to get things done and compel certain behaviors

more aggressive

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19
Q

authority

A

the legitimacy and right of the government to structure citizens’ lives

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20
Q

epidemiology

A

study of who gets illnesses and distribution patterns within a population

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21
Q

medicalization

A

treating medical conditions as social/cultural constructs

ex: alchoholism is not a considered a medical condition

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22
Q

the sick role

A

sick individuals are given exceptions with the expectations that they seek treatment and “act sick”

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23
Q

paternalism

A

physicians think they know what is best for patient without regard for patient’s desires

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24
Q

status

A

any social category used to identify people

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25
achieved status
a status one works to attain
26
ascribed status
a status assigned to one involuntarily not based on one's actions
27
master status
a status so dominant in someone's life that it crowds out other statuses
28
role strain
strain brought on by multiple responsibilities from one role comes from within the same role
29
role conflict
difficulty balancing multiple, different roles comes from two or more different roles
30
role engulfment
the expansion of a role to dominate one's life
31
primary groups
long-lasting with deep bonds
32
what is a common misconception with primary groups?
that they have to be positive
33
secondary groups
short-lasting and more superficial
34
peer groups
people with similar backgrounds and interests usually self-selected
35
in-groups
categories that someone identifies with
36
reference groups
groups that we compare ourselves to can belong to the group or not
37
formal organizations
specific structure defined rules for entering and exiting the organization organization will continue to exist even after specific members leave
38
coercive organizations
people do not chose to join but have to be part of anyway ex: prison
39
normative organizations
people join out of some shared ideal or ethical goal ex: church and volunteer groups
40
utilitarian organizations
people join to make money
41
bureaucracies
rational, well-organized and impersonal organizations
42
anarchist collective
organizations without bosses use group-based decision making
43
democratic governance
flat organizational structures that minimize hierarchies
44
iron law of oligarchy
a group that starts with democratic decision-making will end up being an oligarchy
45
McDonalization
an organizational approach that focuses on efficiency, calculability, uniformity and technological control
46
Self-efficacy
an individual's belief in their ability to perform a certain task
47
Self-esteem
an individual's overall sense of self-worth
48
Self-schema
organized set of beliefs about the self and one's behavior in certain situations
49
Self-identity
how someone perceives themselves in regard to the groups they think they are a part of
50
Counter-culture versus subculture
A subculture is a group of people within a broader culture with their own cultural practices A counter-culture is in OPPOSITION to the broader culture that surrounds them
51
The Internet and pop-culture
The Internet has decentralized pop-culture, allowing for the expression of more subcultures
52
Culture lag
material culture changes faster than nonmaterial culture of society can "catch up"
53
Culture shock
sense of unease when immersed in a new culture feeling out of place when plunging into a new environment
54
What affects assimilation?
residential segregation acceptance by society
55
Transmission
elements of culture passed down from one generation to another
56
Diffusion
elements of culture passed between different cultures remember: Diffusion = Different
57
consistency cues
cues that focus on an individual's behavior over time leads us to make dispositional attributions
58
distinctiveness clues
focus on an individual's unique behavior in certain situations leads us to make situational attributions
59
consensus cues
focus on an individual's behavior in relation to societal expectations leads us to make dispositional attributions
60
actor-observer bias
attributing negative behavior as dispositional for others and situational for ourselves
61
fundamental attribution error
attribution negative behavior of others to disposition applies only to others
62
self-serving bias
attribute positive outcomes to our disposition and negative outcomes to our situation applies only to ourself
63
halo effect
the tendency for positive / negative impression of people in one area to influence opinion in another
64
just-world hypothesis
the assumption that a person's actions inherently bring morally fair and fiting consequences
65
What type of cultures are more likely to make situational attributions?
collectivistic cultures
66
prejudice
irrational positive or negative attitudes EMOTIONAL
67
stereotypes
contentful and cognitive judgements about a group
68
Stereotype content model 4 categories
high warmth + low competence: paternalistic high warmth + high competence: admiration low warmth + high competence: envious low warmth + low competence: contemptuous
69
What does discrimination refer to?
ACTION that occurs as a result of stereotype/prejudice towards a group
70
Individual discrimination
ways in which a single person treats others based on their group membership one perpetrator
71
self-fulfilling prophenncy
self-perceptions cause specific behaviors ex: expectations of success can lead to success
72
stereotype threat
members of social group are or feel at risk of conforming to stereotypes
73
stereotype boost
people can perform better when reminded of positive stereotypes
74
stigma
strong societal disapproval of groups, identities or behaviors
75
Social capital
the "wealth" that someone has through their social network and contacts
76
Cultural capital
traits that signal membership in a higher class
77
Class consciousness
identifying as a member of one's economic class, advocating for the rights/interests of that economic class
78
False consciousness
buying into incorrect ideas about social clues or mobility
79
Power
the ability to get things done
80
Prestige
certain things are associated with higher levels of society
81
Marginal poverty
wealth inequality caused by lack of stable employment
82
Structural poverty
wealth inequality influenced by the way society is structured
83
Social exclusion
marginalized people lack access to resources, opportunities, and rights results in isolation
84
Gini index
measures the extent to which wealth is concentrated among a few people within a society
85
Prevalence
a snapshot of how common a given condition is in a population
86
Incidence
how many new cases in a population
87
Intergenerational mobility
takes place across multiple generations
88
Vertical mobility
moving to a higher or lower stratum of the socioeconomic hierarchy
89
Horizontal mobility
switching roles within a single class
90
How is mobility defined for the mcat?
strictly by the amount of income
91
Exchange mobility
when someone moves up the someone else will slide down ladder balances out
92
Structural mobility
dramatic changes to society that can either enrich or impoverish many at once
93
What are stages of demographic transition?
Stage 1: high birth rate + high death rate Stage 2: death rate slows Stage 3: death and birth rate slow Stage 4: low death and birth rate (industrialized)
94
Preventative checks
decrease fertility rates
95
Positive checks
increase morbidity rates

MCAT Prep (22 decks)

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