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MCAT Prep > Sociology > Flashcards

Sociology Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

functionalism

A

understanding structures and institutions based on their function

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2
Q

manifest functions

A

intended functions of an institution

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3
Q

latent functions

A

unintended functions of an institution

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4
Q

latent dysfunction

A

unintended function of an institution that reinforces social inequality

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5
Q

conflict theory

A

focuses on the competition for resources between structures or groups

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6
Q

What does conflict theory specifically focus on?

A

competing for resources and power

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7
Q

symbolic interactionism

A

how we interact using symbols

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8
Q

examples of symbolic interactionism

A

hand shaking, Thanksgiving dinner

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9
Q

social constructionism

A

the meaning of social structures/concepts emerges from how we think and communicate about them

how symbolic interactionism arises

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10
Q

examples of social constructionism

A

love, gender roles, patriotism

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11
Q

rational choice theory

A

choose actions to maximize the likelihood of accomplishing certain goals

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12
Q

social exchange theory

A

views social interactions as interchanges with costs and rewards

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13
Q

hidden curriculum

A

things you learn in an educational system that are not part of the curriculum

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14
Q

segregation

A

still present in education as schools have uneven populations of students

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15
Q

stratification

A

making layers due to background, ability, etc.

for example, a talented student might be stratified into honors classes and going to college

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16
Q

max weber’s sociology of religion

A

religious organizations exist on a spectrum

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17
Q

theocracy

A

religion is part of educational and legal systems

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18
Q

power

A

the ability of the government to get things done and compel certain behaviors

more aggressive

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19
Q

authority

A

the legitimacy and right of the government to structure citizens’ lives

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20
Q

epidemiology

A

study of who gets illnesses and distribution patterns within a population

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21
Q

medicalization

A

treating medical conditions as social/cultural constructs

ex: alchoholism is not a considered a medical condition

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22
Q

the sick role

A

sick individuals are given exceptions with the expectations that they seek treatment and “act sick”

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23
Q

paternalism

A

physicians think they know what is best for patient without regard for patient’s desires

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24
Q

status

A

any social category used to identify people

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25
Q

achieved status

A

a status one works to attain

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26
Q

ascribed status

A

a status assigned to one involuntarily

not based on one’s actions

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27
Q

master status

A

a status so dominant in someone’s life that it crowds out other statuses

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28
Q

role strain

A

strain brought on by multiple responsibilities from one role

comes from within the same role

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29
Q

role conflict

A

difficulty balancing multiple, different roles

comes from two or more different roles

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30
Q

role engulfment

A

the expansion of a role to dominate one’s life

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31
Q

primary groups

A

long-lasting with deep bonds

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32
Q

what is a common misconception with primary groups?

A

that they have to be positive

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33
Q

secondary groups

A

short-lasting and more superficial

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34
Q

peer groups

A

people with similar backgrounds and interests

usually self-selected

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35
Q

in-groups

A

categories that someone identifies with

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36
Q

reference groups

A

groups that we compare ourselves to

can belong to the group or not

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37
Q

formal organizations

A

specific structure

defined rules for entering and exiting the organization

organization will continue to exist even after specific members leave

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38
Q

coercive organizations

A

people do not chose to join but have to be part of anyway

ex: prison

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39
Q

normative organizations

A

people join out of some shared ideal or ethical goal

ex: church and volunteer groups

40
Q

utilitarian organizations

A

people join to make money

41
Q

bureaucracies

A

rational, well-organized and impersonal organizations

42
Q

anarchist collective

A

organizations without bosses

use group-based decision making

43
Q

democratic governance

A

flat organizational structures that minimize hierarchies

44
Q

iron law of oligarchy

A

a group that starts with democratic decision-making will end up being an oligarchy

45
Q

McDonalization

A

an organizational approach that focuses on efficiency, calculability, uniformity and technological control

46
Q

Self-efficacy

A

an individual’s belief in their ability to perform a certain task

47
Q

Self-esteem

A

an individual’s overall sense of self-worth

48
Q

Self-schema

A

organized set of beliefs about the self and one’s behavior in certain situations

49
Q

Self-identity

A

how someone perceives themselves in regard to the groups they think they are a part of

50
Q

Counter-culture versus subculture

A

A subculture is a group of people within a broader culture with their own cultural practices

A counter-culture is in OPPOSITION to the broader culture that surrounds them

51
Q

The Internet and pop-culture

A

The Internet has decentralized pop-culture, allowing for the expression of more subcultures

52
Q

Culture lag

A

material culture changes faster than nonmaterial culture of society can “catch up”

53
Q

Culture shock

A

sense of unease when immersed in a new culture

feeling out of place when plunging into a new environment

54
Q

What affects assimilation?

A

residential segregation

acceptance by society

55
Q

Transmission

A

elements of culture passed down from one generation to another

56
Q

Diffusion

A

elements of culture passed between different cultures

remember: Diffusion = Different

57
Q

consistency cues

A

cues that focus on an individual’s behavior over time

leads us to make dispositional attributions

58
Q

distinctiveness clues

A

focus on an individual’s unique behavior in certain situations

leads us to make situational attributions

59
Q

consensus cues

A

focus on an individual’s behavior in relation to societal expectations

leads us to make dispositional attributions

60
Q

actor-observer bias

A

attributing negative behavior as dispositional for others and situational for ourselves

61
Q

fundamental attribution error

A

attribution negative behavior of others to disposition

applies only to others

62
Q

self-serving bias

A

attribute positive outcomes to our disposition and negative outcomes to our situation

applies only to ourself

63
Q

halo effect

A

the tendency for positive / negative impression of people in one area to influence opinion in another

64
Q

just-world hypothesis

A

the assumption that a person’s actions inherently bring morally fair and fiting consequences

65
Q

What type of cultures are more likely to make situational attributions?

A

collectivistic cultures

66
Q

prejudice

A

irrational positive or negative attitudes

EMOTIONAL

67
Q

stereotypes

A

contentful and cognitive judgements about a group

68
Q

Stereotype content model 4 categories

A

high warmth + low competence: paternalistic
high warmth + high competence: admiration
low warmth + high competence: envious
low warmth + low competence: contemptuous

69
Q

What does discrimination refer to?

A

ACTION that occurs as a result of stereotype/prejudice towards a group

70
Q

Individual discrimination

A

ways in which a single person treats others based on their group membership

one perpetrator

71
Q

self-fulfilling prophenncy

A

self-perceptions cause specific behaviors

ex: expectations of success can lead to success

72
Q

stereotype threat

A

members of social group are or feel at risk of conforming to stereotypes

73
Q

stereotype boost

A

people can perform better when reminded of positive stereotypes

74
Q

stigma

A

strong societal disapproval of groups, identities or behaviors

75
Q

Social capital

A

the “wealth” that someone has through their social network and contacts

76
Q

Cultural capital

A

traits that signal membership in a higher class

77
Q

Class consciousness

A

identifying as a member of one’s economic class, advocating for the rights/interests of that economic class

78
Q

False consciousness

A

buying into incorrect ideas about social clues or mobility

79
Q

Power

A

the ability to get things done

80
Q

Prestige

A

certain things are associated with higher levels of society

81
Q

Marginal poverty

A

wealth inequality caused by lack of stable employment

82
Q

Structural poverty

A

wealth inequality influenced by the way society is structured

83
Q

Social exclusion

A

marginalized people lack access to resources, opportunities, and rights

results in isolation

84
Q

Gini index

A

measures the extent to which wealth is concentrated among a few people within a society

85
Q

Prevalence

A

a snapshot of how common a given condition is in a population

86
Q

Incidence

A

how many new cases in a population

87
Q

Intergenerational mobility

A

takes place across multiple generations

88
Q

Vertical mobility

A

moving to a higher or lower stratum of the socioeconomic hierarchy

89
Q

Horizontal mobility

A

switching roles within a single class

90
Q

How is mobility defined for the mcat?

A

strictly by the amount of income

91
Q

Exchange mobility

A

when someone moves up the someone else will slide down

ladder balances out

92
Q

Structural mobility

A

dramatic changes to society that can either enrich or impoverish many at once

93
Q

What are stages of demographic transition?

A

Stage 1: high birth rate + high death rate
Stage 2: death rate slows
Stage 3: death and birth rate slow
Stage 4: low death and birth rate (industrialized)

94
Q

Preventative checks

A

decrease fertility rates

95
Q

Positive checks

A

increase morbidity rates

MCAT Prep (22 decks)

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