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AAMC Science Material Flashcards

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1
Q

How much charge is stored in a Farady?

A

one mole of electric charge

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2
Q

What is true of valence electrons in insulators?

A

they are tightly bound

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3
Q

What does it mean when two atoms are isoelectric?

A

they have the same number of electrons

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4
Q

How can you increase the solubility of a substance with a basic anion?

A

add acid

the H+ ions will neutralize the anion, making solubility more likely

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5
Q

How can you find the number of possible gametes for a diploid organism?

A

2 raised to the haploid number

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6
Q

Haploid number

A

described a single set of chromosomes

the haploid number of humans is 23

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7
Q

Is the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine mediated by the pituitary gland?

A

no

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8
Q

What is bone made up of?

A

Calcium, phosphate and hydroxyl groups

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9
Q

How do Southern blots work?

A

they have to disrupt a palindromic sequence

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10
Q

Palindromic sequence

A

5’ to 3’ is identical on both ends

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11
Q

What type of molecule is a spingomyelin?

A

a phospholipid, specifically a phosphatide

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12
Q

What orbital has the highest energy in d-block elements

A

the 4s subshell has higher energy than the 3d subshelll

subshell energies switch in the d-block elements

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13
Q

What gives catalytic efficiency?

A

ratio of Kcat to Km

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14
Q

Where is phosphodiester bond?

A

between 3’ and 5’ carbons on ribose

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15
Q

Which end of DNA has a free phosphate group?

A

the 5’ end

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16
Q

What type of genomes do retroviruses have?

A

RNA

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17
Q

What is true of the mRNA transcribed from cDNA of a retrovirus?

A

it should be the same as the original RNA sequence from the retrovirus’s genome

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18
Q

Antisense strands

A

are read for RNA synthesis but are non-coding

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19
Q

How much does one amino acid weigh?

A

110 Da

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20
Q

Steps of a blotting procedure

A

prep
electrophoresis
transfer
stain

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21
Q

Hill coefficient

A

a measure of cooperativity

Hill > 1 indicates positive cooperativity

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22
Q

What do surfactants do?

A

decrease surface tension

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23
Q

What is the shape of a Michaelis-Menton curve?

A

hyperbolic

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24
Q

What is needed for a molecule to bind to an anion exchange column?

A

a net negative charge

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25
Q

Is the distribution of cytoplasm even in ova-producing cells?

A

no

make haploid polar bodies that are degraded

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26
Q

Isoforms

A

have different lengths of amino acid chains and can be formed by exons / splicing

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27
Q

What direction does the sense strand run?

A

in the 5’ to 3’ direction

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28
Q

Isoelectric focusing

A

a gel electrophoresis that requires a pH gradient

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29
Q

Does molecular geometry include lone pairs?

A

no, molecular geometry only looks at atoms

electron geometry looks at the arrangement of electron groups

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30
Q

How do boiling chips work?

A

they break the surface tension of the liquid being heated and prevent superheating

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31
Q

What allows for the color change of transition molecules?

A

unfilled d-orbitals

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32
Q

What type of ions are often used for affinity chromatography?

A

metal ions, specifically nickel

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33
Q

What do washes allow us to remove?

A

unbound substrates

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34
Q

What is the bouyant force?

A

pgV

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35
Q

Beta minus decay

A

electron is emitted

neutron is converted to a proton

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36
Q

Beta plus decay

A

positron is emitted

proton is converted to a neutron

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37
Q

How can you tell when an image is inverted?

A

m = -q/p

when m is negative, the image is inverted

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38
Q

What is the strength of a lens equal to?

A

1/f where f is measured in meters

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39
Q

What is the intensity of radiation proportional to?

A

the number of photons emitted

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40
Q

Can somatic mutations be inherited?

A

No, only germ line mutations can be inherited

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41
Q

Signal sequences

A

allow transmembrane and secreted proteins to enter the endomembrane system / the ER

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42
Q

chemiosmosis

A

movement of ions across a membrane down their electrochemical gradient

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43
Q

When does myosin bind actin?

A

after troponin binds calcium

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44
Q

What are lipid rafts composed of?

A

cholesterol and sphingomyelin

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45
Q

Telomeres

A

on the end of linear chromosomes to prevent shortening due to trouble replicating the lagging strand

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46
Q

Centromeres

A

in the middle of sister chromatids and made of heterochromatin

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47
Q

At a constant speed, what does work equal?

A

force times velocity

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48
Q

What must happen in order to measure the state of membranes?

A

the rate of the studied reaction must be faster than the time it takes a new membrane state to form

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49
Q

What rates are used when measuring kinetics?

A

initial rates

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50
Q

How to titrate a weak base?

A

dissolve in acid and neutralize with base

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51
Q

What do uncompetitive inhibitors bind to?

A

bind to the ES substrate which appears to decrease the Km

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52
Q

Km in noncompetitive inhibition

A

unaffected

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53
Q

Pull down assay

A

form of affinity ligand purification

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54
Q

Cytochrome c

A

an electron transporter that can transport one electron at a time

made of a heme group

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55
Q

What type of molecules determine cell differentiation?

A

nuclear factors since they determine protein transcription

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56
Q

When does Tm occur?

A

when 50% of molecules are denatured

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57
Q

What is the relationship between Vmax and Kcat?

A

Vmax = Kcat*[Et]

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58
Q

If Vmax significantly drops what happens to Km?

A

Km drops because you don’t need as much substrate to reach 1/2Vmax

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59
Q

What does pyruvate kinase do?

A

converts PEP to pyruvate and adds a phosphate to ADP

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60
Q

Does urine production increase with high or low BP?

A

urine production increases w high BP

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61
Q

Relationship of BP to flow rate

A

BP = Q*R

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62
Q

Venturi effect

A

lower area = higher velocity = lower pressure

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63
Q

How does vasoconstriction effect BP?

A

vasoconstriction reduces the volume of vessels and increases the resistance

the increase in resistance makes BP go up

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64
Q

Glycogen phosphorylase

A

catalyzes the rate limiting step in glycogenlysis

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65
Q

Is sound speed dependent on temperature?

A

sound will travel faster in a warmer room

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66
Q

Through what material does sound travel the fastest?

A

through solid materials

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67
Q

How many molecules of ATP do FADH2 and NADH produce respectively?

A

FADH2 - 2 ATP

NADH - 3 ATP

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68
Q

How many electron carriers are produced during kreb’s cycle?

A

3 NADH and 1 FADH2

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69
Q

What does absorption of UV light always do?

A

excites bound electrons

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70
Q

What does the energy of a photon equal?

A

the energy gap between the ground and excited state

71
Q

Venturi effect

A

when pipe narrows, the velocity increases and the pressure decreases

72
Q

Why do C-G base pairs make more stable DNA?

A

they increase pi stacking

73
Q

Lewis base

A

electron donor

74
Q

Lewis acid

A

electron acceptor

75
Q

Coordinate ion complex bond

A

cation metal interacts with EDGs to make a coordinate covalent bond

76
Q

When is blood flow heard?

A

when pressure is above diastolic but below systolic number

77
Q

Diastolic and systolic BP

A

Diastolic BP: pressure in arteries when heart at rest

Systolic BP: pressure in arteries when heart contracts

78
Q

Hess’s law

A

can add individual changes in enthalpy to find the overall enthalpy change

79
Q

What is secondary protein structure determined by?

A

backbone elements

80
Q

What happens in phagocytosis?

A

the phagosome fuses to a lysosome

81
Q

Which channels open during depolarization?

A

Na+ channels

82
Q

Which channels are open in absolute refractory period?

A

K+ channels

83
Q

Ubiquitination

A

tags protein for destruction by a proteasome, does not require a lysosome

84
Q

Prion

A

abnormally folded protein that causes aggregation

85
Q

Microglia

A

macrophages specifically for the CNS

86
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

myelination in the CNS

87
Q

Schwann cells

A

myelination in the PNS

88
Q

Astrocytes

A

nutrition for the CNS

89
Q

What do frameshift mutations often alter?

A

often alter the C-terminus since they affect everything after the mutation

90
Q

Cytotoxic T-cells

A

bind directly to viral antigens

91
Q

Lactic acid fermentation

A

NADH is oxidized to NAD+

pyruvate is reduced to lactate

92
Q

Do prokaryotic cell membranes have cholesterol?

A

NO

93
Q

Do prokaryotes undergo mitosis?

A

NO

94
Q

How can you measure purification yield?

A

compare units from specific activity

95
Q

Ternary complex

A

three different molecules bound together

96
Q

Is protein denaturing cooperative?

A

yes

97
Q

Precursors for gluconeogensis

A

glycerol, lactate/pyruvate, certain amino acids, oxaloacetate and odd chain FAs

98
Q

What molecule does lipid synthesis require?

A

acetyl-CoA

99
Q

What does reverse transcriptase PCR allow us to study?

A

specific levels of RNA

100
Q

What type of solvents are wanted for SN1 and SN2?

A

SN1: polar protic
SN2: polar aprotic

101
Q

Example of polar aprotic solvent

A

DMSO, DMF and acetone

102
Q

PCC

A

weak oxidizing agent

103
Q

Inert gases

A

Helium and nitrogen

104
Q

If you just ate a salty meal, would you want more or less aldosterone?

A

less

do not need more Na+ in bloodstream

105
Q

Do prokaryotes and eukaryotes have different ribosomes?

A

yes

eukaryotes are slightly larger

106
Q

Nucleosides

A

lack phosphate group and are precursors to nucleotides

107
Q

What does adrenal failure lead to?

A

lack of steroid hormones

108
Q

For a thermodynamic mixture, which is the more stable product?

A

the product with a greater amount produced

109
Q

What is the energy stored on a capacitor?

A

E = 1/2 CV^2

110
Q

What can heat of combustion tell us?

A

relative thermodynamic stability

less heat = more stable

111
Q

In order to use Michaelis-Menton what do you flood the system with?

A

flood the system with [S]

112
Q

Relationship between resistivity and conductivity

A

inverses

113
Q

pK

A

the pH where half of a protein is denatured

similar to the Tm

114
Q

When pH is less than pI?

A

the species is positively charged

115
Q

What do you want for aerobic respiration?

A

increased capillary density, mitochondria, and O2 affinity

116
Q

Convergent evolution

A

two unrelated species develop similar traits in similar habitat

117
Q

Divergent evolution

A

development of dissimilar traits in related species

diverging from a common ancestor

118
Q

What type of enzymes are proteases?

A

hydrolases

use water to break peptide bonds

119
Q

Lyases

A

break bonds by other means than hydrolysis or oxidation/reduction

120
Q

Histone acetylation effects

A

loosens chromatin and increases transcription

121
Q

Succinnate dehydrogenase

A

another name for complex II

122
Q

Imprinted genes

A

genes are expressed in a parent specific manner

123
Q

Where are striated muscles?

A

skeletal and cardiac muscles

124
Q

Where are mononucleated muscles?

A

smooth and cardiac muscles

125
Q

What does LH hormone trigger?

A

ovulation

126
Q

What does estrogen do?

A

thickens endometrium and triggers the release of LH

127
Q

What does hCG block?

A

LH in order to block ovulation

128
Q

Electric force formula

A

F= qE

129
Q

Why can you not continuously charge capacitors?

A

as more charge arrives it becomes harder and harder to fill the plates

130
Q

Which species are capable of hydrogen bonding?

A

N, O and F

131
Q

Why is water often omitted from equilibrium expressions?

A

it is essentially constant throughout the reaction

132
Q

What is the standard temperature and pressure?

A

0ºC and 1 atm

133
Q

How can you determine the volume of a gas?

A

need to look at the number of moles

the identity of the gas does not matter

134
Q

Ionization constant

A

another name for Ka/Kb/Ksp

135
Q

How can a blood clot affect pressure?

A

blood clots can increase hydrostatic pressure in the vessels and subsequently cause water to exit the vesselts

136
Q

Would gamma rays be affected by a magnetic or electric field?

A

no since they do not possess charge

137
Q

Formula for an electric field

A

E = kQ/r^2

138
Q

Difference between primary and secondary oocytes

A

Primary oocytes are created through mitotic divisions and all present at birth

Secondary oocytes are created at puberty through meiosis

139
Q

Antidueritic hormone

A

the same as ADH / vassopression

increases water retention

140
Q

What can an increased glomerular filtration rate lead to?

A

increased urine output

141
Q

What happens when glomerular BP drops?

A

the RAAS system is activated to increase BP

142
Q

Paritoneal cavity

A

space within abdomen

143
Q

Adaptive radiation

A

one species develops into multiple due to different environments

144
Q

If you stir something and it gets hot what is true of the reaction?

A

it is exothermic

145
Q

-OH group oxidation number

A

-1

146
Q

What is 1atm equal to?

A

760 mmHg, 760 torr, 1*10^5 Pa

147
Q

Do acid-base reactions change oxidation numbers?

A

no

148
Q

How can you lower absorbance?

A

dilute the sample or decrease the path length

149
Q

Relationship between a sensitization agent and drug

A

The sensitization agent should be administered before the drug

150
Q

Where is a critical point on a pressure-temperature phase change diagram?

A

the critical point is at the end of the graph

151
Q

What happens at critical point of pressure-temperature phase change diagram?

A

the liquid and gaseous phases blend into one

152
Q

Lactone versus lactam

A

Lactone is an embedded ester

Lactam is an embedded amide

153
Q

Lactonization

A

intramolecular esterfication that forms a lactone

154
Q

What should you consider when a reducing agent or oxidizing agent is present in a reaction?

A

how they will effect carbonyl/alcohol groups before the reaction begins

155
Q

Saponification

A

uses a strong base to break ester bonds and transform them into a salt

156
Q

Carbamate

A

carbonyl with an oxygen and nitrogen attached

157
Q

Random order enzyme

A

either substrate can bind first, the order does not matter

158
Q

Ordered enzyme

A

one substrate binds before the other can

forms a ternary complex

159
Q

Ping pong enzyme

A

one substrate binds and finishes its reaction before the other does

no ternary complex ever forms

160
Q

Where do graded potentials happen?

A

graded potentials happen at cell body / dendrites

161
Q

Where are Na+ and K+ voltage gated channels located?

A

the axon hillock

162
Q

Cytochrome P450

A

oxidizes drugs to neutralize them

found in liver cells

163
Q

Henry’s law

A

relates solubility to partial pressure

S = Kh * Pg

164
Q

How do tRNAs move?

A

from A to P to E sites

165
Q

Which amino acids can be phosphorylated?

A

S, T and Y

166
Q

Gel filtration chromatography

A

separates molecules on size only

uses small beads with pores

167
Q

Why do phosphate groups lower pI?

A

they are likely to donate H+ groups and make solution more acidic

168
Q

Amber codon

A

a stop codon

169
Q

Time for round trip of ball thrown vertically

A

t = 2v/g

170
Q

Apoptosis

A

involves cell shrinkage not lysis

cells don’t want to lyse because it can damage nearby cells

171
Q

Amino acid with lowest pI

A

arginine because it is the most acidic

172
Q

Amino acid with highest pI

A

aspartate because it is the most basic

173
Q

Slop of Lineweaver-Burke plot

A

Km/Vmax

MCAT Prep (22 decks)

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