Circulatory and Respiratory Systems Flashcards
epiglottis
switch point between respiratory and digestive systems
during digestion, epiglottis covers the larynx
How to remember the order of the respiratory tract?
Not Many People Like To Be Alone
1) Nose/Mouth
2) Pharynx
3) Larynx
4) Trachea
5) Bronchi
6) Alveoli
pleural cavity
space between the membranes of the lungs. normally has a very thin layer of liquid
pleural effusion
too much fluid in the pleural cavity of the lungs
pneumothorax
too much air in the pleural cavity of the lungs
What happens when the diaphragm contracts?
the lungs/thoracic cavity expands
more volume in lungs = pressure in lungs decreases
decreased pressure causes air to rush into lungs
Relationship between pressure and volume
volume and pressure have an inverse relationship
How do fluids flow?
from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure
high to low
negative-pressure respiration
the decrease in the lungs’ pressure causes air to rush in
What happens when diaphragm expands / relaxes?
lungs contract
air is pushed out
passive versus active exhalation
passive exhalation is normal. Simple relaxation of diaphragm is enough for air to be pushed out
active exhalation requires use of abodiminal muscles to push air out more quickly
tidal volume
the volume of air contained in a normal breath
residual volume
the air that remains in the lungs after breathing out as much as possible
vital capacity
difference between total lung capacity and residual volume
defensins
antibiotic proteins
secreted in the respiratory tract
part of the innate immune system
How does the circulatory system contribute to thermoregulation?
can have vasodilation of blood vessels close to surface of body to release heat
can have vasoconstriction of blood vessels close to surface of body to conserve heat
What is CO2 equivalent to in the blood buffer system?
H+ ions
more CO2 = more acidic
acidemia
blood is too acidic
pH lower than 7.35
same as acidosis
alkalemia
blood is too basic
pH higher than 7.45
same as alkalosis
chemoreceptors
detect when the blood is too acidic
what happens if there is too much CO2 in blood?
pH drops below 7.35
rate of respiration increases
deliver more O2 to the tissues and expel more CO2
Will hemoglobin have lower or higher affinity for oxygen in acidic conditions?
lower affinity
want to drop O2 off in the acidic (CO2) regions
serum
material that results from removing clotting proteins from plasma
what can serum be equivalent to?
the level of a substance in the bloodstream
concentration of various substances within the bloodstream is often given in serum concentrations
What is an exception to the inverse relationship between pressure and volume?
plasma volume and blood pressure
What two things does greater plasma volume indicate?
1) greater blood pressure
2) good hydration
What two things does lower plasma volume indicate?
1) lower blood pressure
2) dehydration
aldosterone and ADH (anti-diuretic hormone)
increases fluid retention
works in nephron and increases sodium absorption
drives water reabsorption through osmosis
water follows the salt into the kidneys
atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
opposite of aldosterone
decreases plasma volume by decreasing sodium absorption
Where do aldosterone and ADH work?
the nephron
leukocytes
white blood cells
fibrin
fibrous structure that allows skeleton for platelets to lump together and clot
general cascade of clotting
prothrombin to thrombin
fibrinogen to fibrin
erythrocytes
red blood cells
what do erythrocytes carry?
oxygen and carbon dioxide
do erythrocytes have membrane bound organelles?
no
makes their lifespan very short
erythropoietin
a hormone that tells bone marrow to make more red blood cells
What is the universal acceptor and why?
type AB+ blood is the universal acceptor
makes no antibodies since it expresses both A and B antigens
also makes no Rh factor antibodies
will not attack any blood type it is given
What is the universal donor and why?
type O- blood is the universal donor
has no antigens that another blood will attack
What blood can type A receive?
type A blood can receive type A or type O blood
will attack any blood type with B antigens present
Rh factor system
a single antigen that is either present (+) or absent (-)
another antigen to watch out for in blood typing
What do valves do?
ensure that blood flows in only one direction
Where does deoxygenated blood enter the heart? And what happens next?
deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium
then, moves through the tricuspid valve to the right ventricle
right ventricle pumps blood through the pulumary valve and pulmonary arteries to the lungs
mnemonic for remembering what atrioventricular valves (AV) are in each respective atrium of the heart
LAB RAT
Left atrium = bicuspid valve
Right atrium = tricuspid valve
Which direction do arteries and veins move?
arteries = away
veins is back to heart
Where does oxygenated blood enter the heart? And what happens next?
oxygenated blood comes from the pulmonary veins to the left atrium
then, moves through the bicuspid valve to the left ventricle
left ventricle then pushes the blood into circulation through the aortic valve and then the aorta
What do semilunar valves do
barrier between the ventricles and circulation
What are the two semilunar valves
aortic valve found between left ventricle and aorta
pulmonary valve found between right ventricle and pulmonary arteries
systole
used to refer to when the heart is contracting, pushing blood into circulation
diastole
used to refer to when the heart is relaxed in between contractions
capillaries
tiny blood vessels where gas exchange takes place
what happens when blood moves from arterioles to capillaries?
blood pressure drops quickly
how does the body get blood in the lower veins to return to the heart, overcoming gravity?
use valves that only allow blood to flow in one direction
endothelial cells
selective barrier between blood vessels and the rest of the tissue of the body
sinoatrial (SA) node
allows the heart to send out it’s own rhythm
fires an action potential that moves across gap junctions to have the atriums contract
atrioventricula (AV) node
has the ventricles contract
difference between AV and SA nodes
SA node tells atriums to contract simulatenously
AV node tells ventricles to contract. Ventricles are too large to contract at exactly the same time
how can we relate blood flow to a circuit?
∆V=IR is equivalent to ∆P=QR
Current is analogous to flow (Q)
Resistance means the same thing
Change in pressure is the same as change in potential
What remains constant in blood flow?
flow rate Q
How does resistance affect change in pressure?
since Q remains constant, as R increases change in pressure increases
∆P=QR
What is the biggest determinant of the blood’s resistance?
the radius of the blood vessel
often looking at total radius of total cross sectional area
When does viscosity affect the resistance of blood?
in high or low altitudes
How does high altitude affect the viscosity of blood?
higher pressure leads to more erthyrocytes in the blood since less O2 available
this leads to greater viscosity
Relationship between viscosity and resistance of blood
greater viscosity means greater resistance
hematocrit
proportion of erthyrocytes in the blood
measure of viscosity
Relationship between radius and resistance of blood
very strong inverse relationship
What happens to resistance as you move from the arteries to the capillaries?
the total surface area greatly increases, so the total radius greatly increases
since radius increases, resistance decreases
What happens to pressure as you move from the arteries to the capillaries?
since resistance decreases, pressure decreases
What happens to speed as you move from the arteries to the capillaries?
A1v1 = A2v2
since total area increases, velocity has to drop
Why is it beneficial that velocity drops in capillaries?
allows gas exchange to occur
When can you use the Bernoulli equation for the blood?
have to look at the entire, large system!
not just one artery to one capillary or something
How to maintain fluid balance between blood vessels and surrounding interstitial cells
hydrostatic and oncotic pressure
hydrostatic pressure pushes water into the interstitial cells and oncotic pressure pulls water back to blood vessels
hydrostatic pressure
pushing pressure due to the force of water on blood vesself
oncotic pressure
pulling pressure due to the prescence of solutes in solution
Where is hydrostatic pressure higher? Arteries or veins?
hydrostatic pressure is higher in the arteries as water is pushed into interstitial cells
How many iron molecules does hemoglobin have?
4, one in each heme group
What are the two forms of hemoglobin? What do these forms mean?
T - low affinity for oxygen
R- high affinity for oxygen
What does Co2 do to hemoglobin?
the H+ ions from the bicarbonate equilibrium allosterically bind to hemoglobin
shifts to the T state
What does 2,3 - BPG do to hemoglobin?
shifts hemoglobin to the T state
Bohr Effect
H+ ions shift hemoglobin rightwards towards lower affinity for oxygen
What does a rightward shift of hemoglobin curve indicate?
lower affinity for O2
What does a leftward shift of hemoglobin curve indicate?
higher affinity for O2
Does temperature affect hemoglobin?
Yes. Higher temperature means a lower affinity for O2
Carbonic anhydrase
catalyzes the conversion of CO2 to H2CO3 in bicarbonate equilibrium
Is BP higher or lower when lying down in the arm?
BP is higher when lying down because blood from the lower body has shifted into the upper body, causing greater pressure
supine
means lying down
In what vessel is BP the highest?
in arteries, specifically the aorta
Why do you get dizzy after standing up from supine position?
orthostatic hypotension effect
gravity moves blood to the lower body where it pools, leaving little blood in upper body for heart to pump
this leads to lower BP and dizziness
What is the maximum amount that we can exhale and inhale?
vital capacity
Where are the vocal chords?
larynx
What brain structure controls breathing?
medulla oblongata in the brainstem
Alveoli and surface tension
alveoli are so thin that surface tension would normally make them collapse
surfactants prevent the collapse
What can cause lung collapse?
not enough surfactants in alveoli
buffy coat
containns white blood cells and platelets
thrombosis
blood clot obstruction inside a blood vessel
hematocrit
proportion of blood composed of red blood cells
Where is erythropoietin secreted?
the kidneys
Where are red blood cells destroyed?
the spleen
Systemic circulation
circulation through the body/heart but not the lungs
Which arteries carry deoxygenated blood away?
pulmonary arteries to lungs
umbilical arteries away from fetus’s heart
In which blood vessel is blood pressure the lowest?
the veins, specifically the vena cava
vena cava
returns deoxygenated blood to the right atrium
Where is blood flow the slowest?
capillaries since they have the largest total surface area
How does blood move through the veins back to the heart?
one-way valves
skeletal muscles squeeze veins to help blood return to heart
Atherosclerosis
refers to plaque buildup in blood vessels, specifically arteries
How do fluids flow?
from higher to lower pressure
Order of electrical signals in heart
SA node, AV node, bundle of His, Punkinje fibers
How do all heart muscle cells contract at the same time?
gap junctions connect cells through intercalated discs
myoglobin
found in muscle cells
has only one heme group
no cooperative binding / no sigmodial graph
myoglobin versus hemoglobin in the tissues
myoglobin has a higher O2 affinity that hemoglobin so it steals O2 to take to the muscle cells
What causes sickle cell anemia?
GLU to VAL mutation that causes aggregation and sickle shape of red blood cells
