Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MCAT Prep > Circulatory and Respiratory Systems > Flashcards

Circulatory and Respiratory Systems Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
MCAT flashcards
1
Q

epiglottis

A

switch point between respiratory and digestive systems

during digestion, epiglottis covers the larynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How to remember the order of the respiratory tract?

A

Not Many People Like To Be Alone

1) Nose/Mouth
2) Pharynx
3) Larynx
4) Trachea
5) Bronchi
6) Alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

pleural cavity

A

space between the membranes of the lungs. normally has a very thin layer of liquid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

pleural effusion

A

too much fluid in the pleural cavity of the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

pneumothorax

A

too much air in the pleural cavity of the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What happens when the diaphragm contracts?

A

the lungs/thoracic cavity expands

more volume in lungs = pressure in lungs decreases

decreased pressure causes air to rush into lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Relationship between pressure and volume

A

volume and pressure have an inverse relationship

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How do fluids flow?

A

from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure

high to low

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

negative-pressure respiration

A

the decrease in the lungs’ pressure causes air to rush in

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What happens when diaphragm expands / relaxes?

A

lungs contract

air is pushed out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

passive versus active exhalation

A

passive exhalation is normal. Simple relaxation of diaphragm is enough for air to be pushed out

active exhalation requires use of abodiminal muscles to push air out more quickly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

tidal volume

A

the volume of air contained in a normal breath

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

residual volume

A

the air that remains in the lungs after breathing out as much as possible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

vital capacity

A

difference between total lung capacity and residual volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

defensins

A

antibiotic proteins

secreted in the respiratory tract

part of the innate immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How does the circulatory system contribute to thermoregulation?

A

can have vasodilation of blood vessels close to surface of body to release heat

can have vasoconstriction of blood vessels close to surface of body to conserve heat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is CO2 equivalent to in the blood buffer system?

A

H+ ions

more CO2 = more acidic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

acidemia

A

blood is too acidic

pH lower than 7.35

same as acidosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

alkalemia

A

blood is too basic

pH higher than 7.45

same as alkalosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

chemoreceptors

A

detect when the blood is too acidic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what happens if there is too much CO2 in blood?

A

pH drops below 7.35

rate of respiration increases

deliver more O2 to the tissues and expel more CO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Will hemoglobin have lower or higher affinity for oxygen in acidic conditions?

A

lower affinity

want to drop O2 off in the acidic (CO2) regions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

serum

A

material that results from removing clotting proteins from plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what can serum be equivalent to?

A

the level of a substance in the bloodstream

concentration of various substances within the bloodstream is often given in serum concentrations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is an exception to the inverse relationship between pressure and volume?

A

plasma volume and blood pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What two things does greater plasma volume indicate?

A

1) greater blood pressure

2) good hydration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What two things does lower plasma volume indicate?

A

1) lower blood pressure

2) dehydration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

aldosterone and ADH (anti-diuretic hormone)

A

increases fluid retention

works in nephron and increases sodium absorption

drives water reabsorption through osmosis

water follows the salt into the kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

A

opposite of aldosterone

decreases plasma volume by decreasing sodium absorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Where do aldosterone and ADH work?

A

the nephron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

leukocytes

A

white blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

fibrin

A

fibrous structure that allows skeleton for platelets to lump together and clot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

general cascade of clotting

A

prothrombin to thrombin

fibrinogen to fibrin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

erythrocytes

A

red blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what do erythrocytes carry?

A

oxygen and carbon dioxide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

do erythrocytes have membrane bound organelles?

A

no

makes their lifespan very short

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

erythropoietin

A

a hormone that tells bone marrow to make more red blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is the universal acceptor and why?

A

type AB+ blood is the universal acceptor

makes no antibodies since it expresses both A and B antigens

also makes no Rh factor antibodies

will not attack any blood type it is given

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is the universal donor and why?

A

type O- blood is the universal donor

has no antigens that another blood will attack

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What blood can type A receive?

A

type A blood can receive type A or type O blood

will attack any blood type with B antigens present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Rh factor system

A

a single antigen that is either present (+) or absent (-)

another antigen to watch out for in blood typing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What do valves do?

A

ensure that blood flows in only one direction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Where does deoxygenated blood enter the heart? And what happens next?

A

deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium

then, moves through the tricuspid valve to the right ventricle

right ventricle pumps blood through the pulumary valve and pulmonary arteries to the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

mnemonic for remembering what atrioventricular valves (AV) are in each respective atrium of the heart

A

LAB RAT

Left atrium = bicuspid valve

Right atrium = tricuspid valve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Which direction do arteries and veins move?

A

arteries = away

veins is back to heart

46
Q

Where does oxygenated blood enter the heart? And what happens next?

A

oxygenated blood comes from the pulmonary veins to the left atrium

then, moves through the bicuspid valve to the left ventricle

left ventricle then pushes the blood into circulation through the aortic valve and then the aorta

47
Q

What do semilunar valves do

A

barrier between the ventricles and circulation

48
Q

What are the two semilunar valves

A

aortic valve found between left ventricle and aorta

pulmonary valve found between right ventricle and pulmonary arteries

49
Q

systole

A

used to refer to when the heart is contracting, pushing blood into circulation

50
Q

diastole

A

used to refer to when the heart is relaxed in between contractions

51
Q

capillaries

A

tiny blood vessels where gas exchange takes place

52
Q

what happens when blood moves from arterioles to capillaries?

A

blood pressure drops quickly

53
Q

how does the body get blood in the lower veins to return to the heart, overcoming gravity?

A

use valves that only allow blood to flow in one direction

54
Q

endothelial cells

A

selective barrier between blood vessels and the rest of the tissue of the body

55
Q

sinoatrial (SA) node

A

allows the heart to send out it’s own rhythm

fires an action potential that moves across gap junctions to have the atriums contract

56
Q

atrioventricula (AV) node

A

has the ventricles contract

57
Q

difference between AV and SA nodes

A

SA node tells atriums to contract simulatenously

AV node tells ventricles to contract. Ventricles are too large to contract at exactly the same time

58
Q

how can we relate blood flow to a circuit?

A

∆V=IR is equivalent to ∆P=QR

Current is analogous to flow (Q)

Resistance means the same thing

Change in pressure is the same as change in potential

59
Q

What remains constant in blood flow?

A

flow rate Q

60
Q

How does resistance affect change in pressure?

A

since Q remains constant, as R increases change in pressure increases

∆P=QR

61
Q

What is the biggest determinant of the blood’s resistance?

A

the radius of the blood vessel

often looking at total radius of total cross sectional area

62
Q

When does viscosity affect the resistance of blood?

A

in high or low altitudes

63
Q

How does high altitude affect the viscosity of blood?

A

higher pressure leads to more erthyrocytes in the blood since less O2 available

this leads to greater viscosity

64
Q

Relationship between viscosity and resistance of blood

A

greater viscosity means greater resistance

65
Q

hematocrit

A

proportion of erthyrocytes in the blood

measure of viscosity

66
Q

Relationship between radius and resistance of blood

A

very strong inverse relationship

67
Q

What happens to resistance as you move from the arteries to the capillaries?

A

the total surface area greatly increases, so the total radius greatly increases

since radius increases, resistance decreases

68
Q

What happens to pressure as you move from the arteries to the capillaries?

A

since resistance decreases, pressure decreases

69
Q

What happens to speed as you move from the arteries to the capillaries?

A

A1v1 = A2v2

since total area increases, velocity has to drop

70
Q

Why is it beneficial that velocity drops in capillaries?

A

allows gas exchange to occur

71
Q

When can you use the Bernoulli equation for the blood?

A

have to look at the entire, large system!

not just one artery to one capillary or something

72
Q

How to maintain fluid balance between blood vessels and surrounding interstitial cells

A

hydrostatic and oncotic pressure

hydrostatic pressure pushes water into the interstitial cells and oncotic pressure pulls water back to blood vessels

73
Q

hydrostatic pressure

A

pushing pressure due to the force of water on blood vesself

74
Q

oncotic pressure

A

pulling pressure due to the prescence of solutes in solution

75
Q

Where is hydrostatic pressure higher? Arteries or veins?

A

hydrostatic pressure is higher in the arteries as water is pushed into interstitial cells

76
Q

How many iron molecules does hemoglobin have?

A

4, one in each heme group

77
Q

What are the two forms of hemoglobin? What do these forms mean?

A

T - low affinity for oxygen

R- high affinity for oxygen

78
Q

What does Co2 do to hemoglobin?

A

the H+ ions from the bicarbonate equilibrium allosterically bind to hemoglobin

shifts to the T state

79
Q

What does 2,3 - BPG do to hemoglobin?

A

shifts hemoglobin to the T state

80
Q

Bohr Effect

A

H+ ions shift hemoglobin rightwards towards lower affinity for oxygen

81
Q

What does a rightward shift of hemoglobin curve indicate?

A

lower affinity for O2

82
Q

What does a leftward shift of hemoglobin curve indicate?

A

higher affinity for O2

83
Q

Does temperature affect hemoglobin?

A

Yes. Higher temperature means a lower affinity for O2

84
Q

Carbonic anhydrase

A

catalyzes the conversion of CO2 to H2CO3 in bicarbonate equilibrium

85
Q

Is BP higher or lower when lying down in the arm?

A

BP is higher when lying down because blood from the lower body has shifted into the upper body, causing greater pressure

86
Q

supine

A

means lying down

87
Q

In what vessel is BP the highest?

A

in arteries, specifically the aorta

88
Q

Why do you get dizzy after standing up from supine position?

A

orthostatic hypotension effect

gravity moves blood to the lower body where it pools, leaving little blood in upper body for heart to pump

this leads to lower BP and dizziness

89
Q

What is the maximum amount that we can exhale and inhale?

A

vital capacity

90
Q

Where are the vocal chords?

A

larynx

91
Q

What brain structure controls breathing?

A

medulla oblongata in the brainstem

92
Q

Alveoli and surface tension

A

alveoli are so thin that surface tension would normally make them collapse

surfactants prevent the collapse

93
Q

What can cause lung collapse?

A

not enough surfactants in alveoli

94
Q

buffy coat

A

containns white blood cells and platelets

95
Q

thrombosis

A

blood clot obstruction inside a blood vessel

96
Q

hematocrit

A

proportion of blood composed of red blood cells

97
Q

Where is erythropoietin secreted?

A

the kidneys

98
Q

Where are red blood cells destroyed?

A

the spleen

99
Q

Systemic circulation

A

circulation through the body/heart but not the lungs

100
Q

Which arteries carry deoxygenated blood away?

A

pulmonary arteries to lungs

umbilical arteries away from fetus’s heart

101
Q

In which blood vessel is blood pressure the lowest?

A

the veins, specifically the vena cava

102
Q

vena cava

A

returns deoxygenated blood to the right atrium

103
Q

Where is blood flow the slowest?

A

capillaries since they have the largest total surface area

104
Q

How does blood move through the veins back to the heart?

A

one-way valves

skeletal muscles squeeze veins to help blood return to heart

105
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

refers to plaque buildup in blood vessels, specifically arteries

106
Q

How do fluids flow?

A

from higher to lower pressure

107
Q

Order of electrical signals in heart

A

SA node, AV node, bundle of His, Punkinje fibers

108
Q

How do all heart muscle cells contract at the same time?

A

gap junctions connect cells through intercalated discs

109
Q

myoglobin

A

found in muscle cells

has only one heme group

no cooperative binding / no sigmodial graph

110
Q

myoglobin versus hemoglobin in the tissues

A

myoglobin has a higher O2 affinity that hemoglobin so it steals O2 to take to the muscle cells

111
Q

What causes sickle cell anemia?

A

GLU to VAL mutation that causes aggregation and sickle shape of red blood cells

MCAT Prep (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions