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MCAT Prep > Digestive System + Hormones > Flashcards

Digestive System + Hormones Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

Where are proteins broken down?

A

in the stomach and duodenum

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2
Q

Amylase

A

breaks down starch

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3
Q

Lipase

A

breaks down lipids

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4
Q

Lysosyme

A

antimicrobial enzyme that kills some bacteria in the mouth

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5
Q

What is broken down in the mouth by saliva?

A

carbs and lipids

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6
Q

peristalsis

A

smooth muscle contracts to move food

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7
Q

bolus

A

moves from the mouth through the esophagus to the stomach

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8
Q

What causes GERD?

A

a weakened lower espohageal sphincter allows food to move backwards

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9
Q

Which cells secrete gastric acid?

A

parietal stomach cells

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10
Q

What is in gastic acid?

A

HCl and salts

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11
Q

What cells secrete pepsinogen?

A

chief cells of stomach

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12
Q

What does the stomach absorb?

A

Vitamin B1 and water by releasing intrinsic factor

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13
Q

How do the acidic conditions not degrade the stomach?

A

mucous epithelial cells secrete bicarbonate at the stomach’s lining to neutralize the acid

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14
Q

What causes peptic ulcers?

A

H. pylori bacteria found in some members of the population

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15
Q

What moves into the small intenstine?

A

chyme

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16
Q

Villi

A

create folds in the small intestine to increase surface area

made of enterocytes

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17
Q

Enterocytes

A

epithelial cells that line the intestines

contain lots of microvilli brushes

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18
Q

What are the parts of the small intestine in order?

A

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

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19
Q

What happens when chyme reaches the duodenum?

A

small intestine secretes secretin

secretin tells pancreas to secrete bicarbonate

bicarbonate neutralizes the acidic chyme

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20
Q

CCK

A

secreted by the small intestine

stimulates release of digestive enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the liver

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21
Q

Where is bile produced and stored?

A

bile is produced in the liver and stored in the gallbladder

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22
Q

What does bile contain?

A

bile salts, pigments, cholesterol

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23
Q

bile salts

A

amphipathic and can form a miscelle around lipids and aqueous environment

24
Q

What is lipid emulsification? What molecules conduct it?

A

breaking down lipids to expose the greatest surface area to hydrolytic enzymes

bile salts carry out lipid emulsification

25
Q

How does liver detox?

A

through the hepatic portal

26
Q

hepatic portal

A

a system of blood vessels with a capillarly bed at each end

blood from small intestine enters the hepatic portal before entering the body, allowing for detox

27
Q

Digestive enzymes secreted by pancreas

A

pancreatic amylase

pancreatic lipase

proteases

28
Q

How do digestive enzymes move to small intestine from pancrease?

A

alkaline fluid with the enzymes is secreted into the pancreatic duct

29
Q

exocrine function of pancreas

A

release enzymes into ductal system

30
Q

endocrine function of pancreas

A

release hormones into bloodstream

31
Q

Brush border enzymes

A

secreted by enterocytes

further break down molecules prior to absorption

32
Q

What are the parts of the large intestine in order?

A

cecum, colon, and rectum

33
Q

Where is the appendix?

A

attached to the cecum of the large intestine

34
Q

What is the main function of the colon?

A

to absorb H2O from chyme

35
Q

What is feces mostly composed of?

A

cellulose and water

36
Q

Leptin

A

secreted by adipose cells and promotes fullness

triggered when adipose cells have increase in fatty acid synthesis

37
Q

Ghrelin

A

secreted by pancreas and stomach when stomach is empty

triggers appetite

38
Q

G-cells

A

secrete gastrin which tells parietal cells to produce gastic acid

39
Q

S-cells

A

secrete secretin in duodenum and tells pancreas to secrete bicarbonate

40
Q

somatostation

A

halts all pro-digestion hormones, stalls stomach emptying, halts release of insulin and glucagon, inhibits growth hormone

41
Q

enteric nervous system

A

branch of autonomic nervous system involved in digestion

42
Q

sucrose is broken into

A

glucose and fructose

43
Q

maltose is broken into

A

two glucoses

44
Q

lactose is broken into

A

glucose and galactose

45
Q

What causes lactose intolerance?

A

no lactase in small intestine

so, lactose is broken down in large intestine by microbiome which produces gas

46
Q

Where does pepsin cleave?

A

between hydrophobic or aromatic sites

47
Q

Where does trypsin cleave?

A

at lys or arg

48
Q

Where does trypsin work?

A

in duodenum

49
Q

How are carbs absorbed into the bloodstream?

A

through secondary active transport

first, Na/K pump creates Na+ concentration gradient

when Na+ moves down its concentration gradient, it takes carbs with it

50
Q

Which vitamins are water soluble?

A

vitamin B and C

51
Q

Vitamin A

A

retinol

important for vision

52
Q

Vitamin D

A

regulates Ca2+ and phosphate concentrations in blood

synthesized by skin from UV exposure

53
Q

What is the functional form of Vitamin D called?

A

calcitriol

54
Q

Vitamin K

A

needed for blood clotting

55
Q

Vitamin C

A

absorbic acid

required for collagen synthesis

MCAT Prep (22 decks)

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