Digestive System + Hormones

Question 1

Where are proteins broken down?

Answer 1

in the stomach and duodenum

Question 2

Amylase

Answer 2

breaks down starch

Question 3

Lipase

Answer 3

breaks down lipids

Question 4

Lysosyme

Answer 4

antimicrobial enzyme that kills some bacteria in the mouth

Question 5

What is broken down in the mouth by saliva?

Answer 5

carbs and lipids

Question 6

peristalsis

Answer 6

smooth muscle contracts to move food

Question 7

bolus

Answer 7

moves from the mouth through the esophagus to the stomach

Question 8

What causes GERD?

Answer 8

a weakened lower espohageal sphincter allows food to move backwards

Question 9

Which cells secrete gastric acid?

Answer 9

parietal stomach cells

Question 10

What is in gastic acid?

Answer 10

HCl and salts

Question 11

What cells secrete pepsinogen?

Answer 11

chief cells of stomach

Question 12

What does the stomach absorb?

Answer 12

Vitamin B1 and water by releasing intrinsic factor

Question 13

How do the acidic conditions not degrade the stomach?

Answer 13

mucous epithelial cells secrete bicarbonate at the stomach’s lining to neutralize the acid

Question 14

What causes peptic ulcers?

Answer 14

H. pylori bacteria found in some members of the population

Question 15

What moves into the small intenstine?

Answer 15

chyme

Question 16

Villi

Answer 16

create folds in the small intestine to increase surface area

made of enterocytes

Question 17

Enterocytes

Answer 17

epithelial cells that line the intestines

contain lots of microvilli brushes

Question 18

What are the parts of the small intestine in order?

Answer 18

duodenum, jejunum, ileum

Question 19

What happens when chyme reaches the duodenum?

Answer 19

small intestine secretes secretin

secretin tells pancreas to secrete bicarbonate

bicarbonate neutralizes the acidic chyme

Question 20

CCK

Answer 20

secreted by the small intestine

stimulates release of digestive enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the liver

Question 21

Where is bile produced and stored?

Answer 21

bile is produced in the liver and stored in the gallbladder

Question 22

What does bile contain?

Answer 22

bile salts, pigments, cholesterol

Question 23

bile salts

Answer 23

amphipathic and can form a miscelle around lipids and aqueous environment

Question 24

What is lipid emulsification? What molecules conduct it?

Answer 24

breaking down lipids to expose the greatest surface area to hydrolytic enzymes

bile salts carry out lipid emulsification

Question 25

How does liver detox?

Answer 25

through the hepatic portal

Question 26

hepatic portal

Answer 26

a system of blood vessels with a capillarly bed at each end blood from small intestine enters the hepatic portal before entering the body, allowing for detox

Question 27

Digestive enzymes secreted by pancreas

Answer 27

pancreatic amylase pancreatic lipase proteases

Question 28

How do digestive enzymes move to small intestine from pancrease?

Answer 28

alkaline fluid with the enzymes is secreted into the pancreatic duct

Question 29

exocrine function of pancreas

Answer 29

release enzymes into ductal system

Question 30

endocrine function of pancreas

Answer 30

release hormones into bloodstream

Question 31

Brush border enzymes

Answer 31

secreted by enterocytes further break down molecules prior to absorption

Question 32

What are the parts of the large intestine in order?

Answer 32

cecum, colon, and rectum

Question 33

Where is the appendix?

Answer 33

attached to the cecum of the large intestine

Question 34

What is the main function of the colon?

Answer 34

to absorb H2O from chyme

Question 35

What is feces mostly composed of?

Answer 35

cellulose and water

Question 36

Leptin

Answer 36

secreted by adipose cells and promotes fullness triggered when adipose cells have increase in fatty acid synthesis

Question 37

Ghrelin

Answer 37

secreted by pancreas and stomach when stomach is empty triggers appetite

Question 38

G-cells

Answer 38

secrete gastrin which tells parietal cells to produce gastic acid

Question 39

S-cells

Answer 39

secrete secretin in duodenum and tells pancreas to secrete bicarbonate

Question 40

somatostation

Answer 40

halts all pro-digestion hormones, stalls stomach emptying, halts release of insulin and glucagon, inhibits growth hormone

Question 41

enteric nervous system

Answer 41

branch of autonomic nervous system involved in digestion

Question 42

sucrose is broken into

Answer 42

glucose and fructose

Question 43

maltose is broken into

Answer 43

two glucoses

Question 44

lactose is broken into

Answer 44

glucose and galactose

Question 45

What causes lactose intolerance?

Answer 45

no lactase in small intestine so, lactose is broken down in large intestine by microbiome which produces gas

Question 46

Where does pepsin cleave?

Answer 46

between hydrophobic or aromatic sites

Question 47

Where does trypsin cleave?

Answer 47

at lys or arg

Question 48

Where does trypsin work?

Answer 48

in duodenum

Question 49

How are carbs absorbed into the bloodstream?

Answer 49

through secondary active transport first, Na/K pump creates Na+ concentration gradient when Na+ moves down its concentration gradient, it takes carbs with it

Question 50

Which vitamins are water soluble?

Answer 50

vitamin B and C

Question 51

Vitamin A

Answer 51

retinol important for vision

Question 52

Vitamin D

Answer 52

regulates Ca2+ and phosphate concentrations in blood synthesized by skin from UV exposure

Question 53

What is the functional form of Vitamin D called?

Answer 53

calcitriol

Question 54

Vitamin K

Answer 54

needed for blood clotting

Question 55

Vitamin C

Answer 55

absorbic acid required for collagen synthesis