Psychology Flashcards
1
Q
Instinctual behaviors
A
genetically coded and happen automatically
2
Q
What changes instinctual behaviors in humans?
A
cultural learning
3
Q
adaptive trait
A
trait which increases the reproductive success of an organism
4
Q
temperament
A
how individuals respond behaviorally and emotionally to environmental stimuli
biologically shaped
ex: two siblings might act very different as infants
5
Q
heritability
A
how much of a trait is determined by genes alone
score from 0-1 (high heritability)
quantifies genetic versus environmental influence on a trait
6
Q
example of promoters and regulatory genes shaping expression
A
5-HTT promoter gene can affect serotonin levels and influence depression
7
Q
example of epigenetics
A
chronic stress can lead to methylation of certain genes which is passed down to future generations
8
Q
epigenetics
A
study of how behaviors and environment can change gene expression
often involves methylation
9
Q
patellar reflex
A
knee jerk
10
Q
4 types of infant reflexes
A
1) Palmar grasp reflex
2) rooting and sucking
3) moro reflex- startled baby
4) babinski reflex- foot
11
Q
critical period
A
time when experiences imprint development with life-long effects
language learning depends on the critical period
12
Q
What is the prefrontal cortex? When does it fully develop?
A
prefrontal cortex is responsible for decision making
does not fully develop until 25
13
Q
crystallized versus fluid intelligence
A
crystallized intelligence refers to knowledge acquired through previous experience, keep this in old age
fluid intelligence refers to being able to think and reason to solve problems, loose this in old age
14
Q
attribution
A
process by which individuals explain the causes of either their own or other’s behavior
15
Q
Independent versus dependent variables
A
independent variables are manipulated/selected by the researcher and go on the x-axis
dependent variables are measured in response to the independent variables and go on the y-axis
y-axis DEPENDS on the x-axis
16
Q
experimental study
A
the researcher manipulates the independent variable and tracks changes in the dependent variable
17
Q
confounding variable
A
affects both the independent and the dependent variables
18
Q
mediating variable
A
provides a mechanistic link between an observed relationship between two variables
in between the independent and dependent variable
19
Q
moderating variable
A
modulates the intensity of a certain relationship
ex: exercise could lessen the relationship between stress and heart attacks
20
Q
operationalization
A
translating a goal of studying something into a practical way
21
Q
negative controls
A
do not receive the treatment or intervention of interest
ex: placebo
22
Q
positive controls
A
receive a treatment that is known to produce some outcome of interest
used to compare a known response to a new response
23
Q
randomized control trial (RCT)
A
an experimental study where participants are either randomized into a treatment or control group
24
Q
cross sectional study
A
an observational study in which researches take a set of people representative of a population, measure various things about them, and look for correlations
25
longitudinal design
a cross sectional study that makes multiple observations over time
allows the study to draw correlations over time
26
can a cross sectional study prove causation?
no, cross sectional studies can only prove correlation
27
protective factors
are independent variables associated with a lower risk of a negative outcome
28
cohort studies
subset of longitudinal cross-sectional studies in which a group of subjects is assembled according to some similarity and followed up over time
29
can experimental studies be longitudal?
yes, depending on the length and regularity of treatments and follow ups
30
case-control studies
compare a group of cases to a group of controls
31
when are case-control studies often used?
to determine the cause of a new disease
32
meta analyses
a type of systematic review thought to yield the strongest available evidence on a given topic
33
what is a huge consideration in the ethics of experimental design?
informed consent
34
validity
refers to the extent to which a study's results are both genuine and generalizable
35
internal validity
refers to the extent to which we can draw casual connections from the study data
can we draw a direct cause and effect from our variables studied? if not, probably lacks internal validity
36
external validity
the extent to which we can generalize our study to real life
37
test validity
how well was the experiment able to test what it intended to test
38
construct validity
how well the experiment assessed what it wanted to
did the variable make sense to test?
39
example of the difference between test validity and content validity
an experiment could have test validity and accurately measure speed, but not assess athletic ability since it didn't look at strength and flexibility
40
content validity
how well the test covers the full scope of something the researchers wanted to test
41
criterion validity
how well does our test match up with other well-respected tests measuring a similar thing
42
predictive validity
was the experiment accurate in predicting future results?
43
reliability
the extent to which a study results are consistent
44
prescision
how close together experimental measurements are
45
reliability versus precision
precision refers to a specific set of data points while reliability refers to the experiment as a whole
46
accuracy
refers to the closeness of a measurement to the actual, real value that we are measuring
47
relationship between reliability and validity
a reliable experiment must be precise while a valid experiment must be accurate
48
Likert scale
a way to quantify a questionare's responses
participants select their response on a contiuum
49
social desirability bias
a type of response bias where respondents answer in a way that they think makes them look more socially successful
50
acquiescense bias
a type of response bias or thee tendency to answer "yes" when asked a question, especially when you aren't sure of the answer
51
social facilitation
people who perform tasks better in group settings where psychological arousal is higher
need other people
52
When does social facilitation work?
for simple, familiar tasks like riding a bike
53
Yerkes Dodson Law
for harder tasks, performance decreases with psychological arousal
performance peaks at mid-level arousal
54
social loafing
people tend to work less hard in group settings
55
Bystander effect
people tend not to offer help if others are around
diffusion of responsibility
56
deindividuation
people lose self-awareness in a large group
57
group polarization
a group of people will arrive at final opinions that are more extreme than the initial positions of the individual members
58
informational influence
people in a group are more likely to stress points in line with the dominant viewpoint
leads to group polarization
59
normative influence
individuals affected by an opinion a majority of the group shares
want to seek social approval
60
group think
irrational decisions made within a group due to pressures towards harmony and individual conformity
61
illusion of invulnerability
characteristic of groupthink
belief that no serious harm will come to the group
62
what can illusion of invulnerability lead to?
excessive risk taking
63
illusion of morality
characteristic of groupthink
unbending belief in the moral righteousness of the group's cause
64
illusion of unaniminity
characteristic of groupthink
the group assumes the majority of opinions in the group are unanimous
65
self-censorship
characteristic of groupthink
members who disagree with the group do not share their opinions
66
pressure on dissenters
characteristic of groupthink
members feel pressure not to contradict the majority group
67
collective rationalization
characteristic of groupthink
group finds reasons to ignore warnings
68
excessive stereotyping
characteristic of groupthink
negative views of outside groups
69
mind guards
characteristic of groupthink
certain members of the group filter out information that could destabilize consensus
70
conformity
when someone's behavior, beliefs, or thinking changes to line up with the perspectives of others
71
what is a key to determining conformity?
there is a change in behavior
72
internalization
a genuine change in someone's beliefs
73
compliance (subset of conformity definition)
when the person conforms, but internally dissents
74
identification
a person's beliefs only change in the context of the group
outside the group they might have different views
75
convergence / congruence
group has preexisting similar behaviors/beliefs, not conforming
76
the Asch experiment
shows conformity
people will state incorrect answers / change their answer to incorrect if others do
77
compliance (2nd definition)
responses to requests from someone with no power to enforce that request
78
foot in the door technique
a compliance tactic
first make a small request, then follow with a bigger request
79
door in the face technique
a compliance tactic
make a large request you know will be rejected, and follow with a smaller and more reasonable request
80
low ball technique
a compliance tactic
present low price at first, only to raise it at the last minute
81
obedience
a change in behavior in response to a direct request from someone with power to enforce that request
82
social control
the ways social norms are taught, enforced and perpetuated
83
deviance
not following social norms
84
formal social norms
must be encoded somewhere with specific penalties for violations
85
informal social norms
not written down, no fixed penalties
86
folkways
insignificant informal social norms that involve small details, no real penalty for breaking
87
mores
important informal social norms which incur disapproval when violated
88
taboos
even more restrictive norms that generate extreme disapproval
ex: incest
89
are taboos informal or formal social norms?
they can be both
90
sanctions
either positive rewards or negative consequences for violating a social norms
91
peer pressure
the desire for approval from our peers
92
anomie
refers to a situation where there is a poor match between society's and individual's norms
93
what can anomie lead to?
a withering of social norms
94
differential association theory
views deviance as behavior that is learned socially
ex: criminals learn in prison
95
labeling approach
focuses on how behavior is affected by being labeled as deviant
96
primary deviance
deviant acts committed before someone gets a label
97
secondary deviance
deviant acts committed after getting a label
98
strain theory
focuses on the role of social and economic pressures that lead someone towards deviance
some people will commit crime under certain circumstances
99
socialization
how we learn social norms
100
fads
a new behavior becomes incredibly popular then fades
101
mass hysteria
irrational fear of a perceived threat
102
emotional signalling
physical stimuli and body language that communicate emotions
103
different focuses to study emotional signalling
cultural focus
| gender focus
104
self-disclosure
a strategy of self-presentation
what you choose to disclose about yourself to others
105
managing appearances
a strategy of self-presentation
how you groom yourself, dress, nonverbal signals, etc
106
ingratiation
a strategy of self-presentation
an attempt to influence another person by becoming more likeable
107
aligning actions
a strategy of self-presentation
explaining our actions in a way that makes them more appealing
108
altercasting
a strategy of self-presentation
project an identity on someone and then expect them to act in a certain way
109
example of altercasting
since you're a professional athlete, I shouldn't have to tell you to practice
110
religning actions
explicitly expressing our unhappiness with a situation to appear in a certain way
111
Goffman's approach to self-presentation
we have a front-stage self that we present and act
and we have a more authentic back-stage self
112
mere exposure effect
develop preferences/attraction for familiar people and things in proximity
113
What regulates/inhibits emotional responses?
prefrontal cortex regulates and restrains behavior
114
Where does emotional arousal come from?
the limbic system with the amygdala
115
secure attachment
child feels stress when the caregiver leaves but then is okay
comes from consistent and responsive caregiver
116
ambivalent attachment
child is intensely distressed when caregiver leaves
comes from inconsistent caregiver
117
avoidant attachment
child is not stressed when the caregiver leaves
comes from neglectful caregiver
118
disoriented attachment
child is confused when the caregiver leaves
comes from an abusive caregiver
119
altruism
helping other people at some cost to yourself
120
examples of social support
emotional, informational, tangible/material support and companionship
121
Fisherian selection
mate selection by exaggerated phenotypic appearance
ex: male peacock feathers to attract a mate
122
example of game theory in ecological interactions
should an animal be predatory or cooperative?
123
interference effect
irrelevant information interferes with recall
124
proactive interference
previously learned material can hinder subsequent learning
125
internal locus of control
attributing an outcome/behavior to a personal trait
126
latent learning
refers to learning without a change in behavior
127
Mead's theory of identity
I - refers to the spontaneous/autonomous part of ourself
me - forms through interactions with others and the social environment
128
What is merit derived from?
achievements / achieved status
129
What is more important in color vision, cones or rods?
cones
cones are the photoreceptors of the eye for color
130
Cones versus rods
cones are the photoreceptors in the retina for color vision, located in the middle part of the retina
rods are the photoreceptors in the retina for light, located on outer part of the retina
131
saccade
a quick jump of the eye from one position to another as it takes in visual stimuli
132
limen
a threshold below which a stimulus is not perceived or not distinguished from another
133
libido
a term used in psychoanalytic theory to describe the energy created by survival and sexual instincts
libido drives all behavior and is part of the ID
134
negative reinforcement
taking something away to produce a desired response
ex: could reward a kid by taking away their chores
135
affective flattening
loss of emotional expression
negative symptom (loss of function)
136
type II error
gives a false negative
137
type I error
gives a false positive
138
mesolimbic system
the reward pathway
includes VTA and nuccleus accumbens
139
reticular activating system
brings about alertness
part of the brainstem
140
polysomnography
a sleep study measuring multiple physiological parameters
141
EEG
measures brain activity
142
EMG
measures muscle activity
143
What type of brainwaves are associated with complete wakefulness?
beta-waves
144
What type of brainwaves are associated with REM sleep?
similar brainwaves to beta-waves
145
When do a majority of dreams occur?
during REM sleep
146
REM rebound
after missing REM cycles one night, the next night we spend more time in REM to catch up
147
Stage 1 non-REM sleep
light sleep
low frequency theta waves found here
148
Stage 2 non-REM sleep
Heart rate and breathing slows
low frequency theta waves found here
Busts of K-complexes and sleep spindles
149
Stage 3 of non-REM sleep
deep sleep
delta waves
memory processing / recovering
150
How is drowsiness signaled?
pineal gland releases melatonin
151
How is wakefulness signaled?
adrenal cortex releases cortisol
152
dyssomnias
disorders impairing regular ability to fall asleep or stay asleep
153
parasomnia
sleep disorders that involve abnormal behavior during sleep
154
Freud's dream content
manifest dream – surface level details
latent dream – underlying meaning
155
activation / synthesis model of dreams
neurons activate during REM to synthesize experience
156
problem-solving model of dreams
dreams process / resolve real problems
157
cognitive theory of dreams
dreams visualize our cognitive processes
158
stimulants
increase activity of the CNS
mimic the sympathetic nervous system
159
caffeine
mild CNS stimulant
antagonizes adenosine (sleepiness) receptors
160
addiction
patterns of compulsive behavior that persists despite negative consequences
triggers reward pathways
161
dependence
absence of drugs causes withdrawal symptoms
162
nicotine
mild CNS stimulant
highly addictive
163
amphetamines
stimulants
increased alertness, appetite loss, intense mood swings
164
example of amphetamines
adderall and MDMA (ectasy/molly)
165
How does MDMA work?
depletes serotonin reserves to produce euphoria
leads to depression after working
166
cocaine
strong stimulant
blocks reuptake of serotonin, dopamine and norepinephrine, causing buildup in the brain
167
depressants
reduce activity of CNS
168
How does alcohol work?
enhances the action of GABA
169
GABA
inhibitory neurotransmitter
170
Korsakoff syndrome
develops from alcohol abuse
leads to retrograde and anterograde amnesia
171
barbiturates and benzodiazepines
depressants
increase GABA activity
172
what type of drug is alcohol?
depressant
173
opiods
bind to opiod receptors on neurons
depressant
174
opiod receptors normal function
endorphins interact with opiod receptors
175
VTA
releases dopamine
176
nucleus accumbens
dopamine uptake / motivation
177
List Piaget's stages of cognitive development
1) sensorimotor stage (0-2)
2) preoperational stage (2-7)
3) concrete operational stage (7-11)
4) formal operational stage (11-16)
178
sensorimotor stage
interact with world through sensory input and motor activity
development of object permanence
development of stranger anxiety at 8-9 months
179
preoperational stage
represent objects symbollically with words and images
egocentric
centration: focus on single parameter/ property of an object
minimal abstract reasoning
180
concrete operational stage
develop understanding of conservation
loss of egocentrism
logical thinking about concrete objects
181
formal operational stage
abstract thinking develops
182
schema
ways of organizing our thinking
183
deductive reasoning
top down
apply general principles to specifics
184
inductive reasoning
bottom up
observe multiple specifics to find general principle
185
mental set
framework for conceptualizing a problem and trying to solve
186
functional fixedness
see objects as only having a certain function
187
belief perserverance
maintaining or strengthening beliefs in face of contradictory evidence
188
hindsight bias
in retrospect, events seem more obvious and predictable
189
causation bias
thinking that events closely related in time share a causal link
190
heuristics
mental shortcuts
fixed processes to arrive at quick answers
191
representativeness heuristic
making decisions based on prototypical examples
what is typical
192
availability heuristic
how likely we think something is to occur based on readily available information
what is in recent memory
193
Spearman
notes correlation in performance in different academic subjects
leads to creating g-factor
194
g-factor
general intelligence
underlying capacity that drives performance in many fields
195
Flynn effect
describes how IQ scores increased in developed countries throughout the 20th century
196
Gardener
came up with the theory of multiple intelligences
197
phonetics
study of the physical production and repetition of speech sounds
198
phonology
organization of sounds into meaningful units
199
phoneme
smallest unit of sound that distinguishes meaning of a word
200
morphology
the study of how words are formed
201
syntax
how words are joined together to form phrases or sentences
202
semantics
focuses on literal meanings
203
pragmatics
focuses on non-literal meanings
depends on contexts, body language, tone, etc/
204
Learning Theory of Language (skinner)
treats language as a learned behavior based on environmental input (behavior occurs from conditioning)
theory denies innate language capacity
205
Nativist Theory of Language
humans have an innate (genetic) capacity for learning language
babies can learn any language
206
generative linguistics
grammatical rules which govern syntax
rules about why certain sentence structures do and do not work
207
Interactionist theory
language is acquired during social interactions
208
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis / Lingustic Relativity
grammatical categories and vocabulary influence thought
209
Linguistic determinism
grammatical categories determine thought
210
aphasia
an impaired ability to communicate
211
where is Wernicke's area located?
temporal lobe and left hemisphere
212
where is Broca's area located?
frontal lobe and left hemisphere
213
Wernicke's aphasia
can make proper noises and words, but cannot produce meaning
214
Broca's aphasia
can understand language but not produce sounds
215
arcuate fasciculus
connects Broca and Wernicke's areas
216
conduction aphasia
difficulty in repeating words as arcuate fasciculus connecting Broca and Wernicke's areas is damaged
217
list of universal emotions
happiness, sadness, anger, disgust, surprise, fear, contempt
218
what is a biological link between emotion and physiological arousal?
amygadala (emotion) has neurons that connect to the hypothalamus which converts the nervous system to the endocrine system
219
behavioral versus physiological manifestions of emotions
behavioral - running in response to stimuli
physiological - pupils dilating in response to stimuli
220
James-Lange Theory
stimulus to physiological arousal to emotional response
emotions come from physiological arousal
221
Schachter-Singer Theory
stimulus to physiological response to cognitive appraisal to emotional response
222
Cannon-Bard Theory
stimulus to simultaneous physiological response and emotional response
223
Lazarus Theory
stimulus to cognitive appraisal to simultaneous physiological response and emotional response
224
independent stressors
stressors that are outside of our control
225
dependent stressors
stressors that are effected by our own behavior
226
avoidance-approach conflict
want to avoid a bad decision and approach good ones
227
avoidance-avoidance conflict
have to decide between two bad choices
228
double avoidance-approach conflict
have to decide between two options that both have pros and cons
229
primary stress appraisal
recognize stressor
230
secondary stress appraisal
assess our ability to deal with stressor
231
distress
form of stress with negative effects
232
eustress
form of stress with positive effects
233
neustress
neutral / inconsequential stress
234
General adaption syndrome
alarm, resistance (cortisol) and exhaustion
235
learned helplessness
behavior exhibited by a subject after enduring repeated aversive stimuli beyond their control.
236
motivation
the underlying purpose for our actions
237
intrinsic motivation
enjoyment of activity despite no apparent reward
238
extrinsic motivation
external factors drive behavior
ex: money, prestige, etc.
239
drive
an excited state produced by a homeostatic disturbance
240
drive reduction theory
motivation comes from a desire to return to homeostasis
241
primary drives
hunger, thirst, etc
242
secondary drives
money, prestige, etc
243
Maslow's heirarchy of needs
physiological needs, safety, love+belonging, self-esteem, and self-actualization
244
self-actualization
fulfilling our creativity, talents, and possibilities
245
expectancy-value theory
motivation is a reflection of the balance between expectancies and values
expectancies: how successful we think we will be at a task
values: how worthwhile we think the task is
246
self-determination theory
emphasis placed on intrinsic motivation
people feel inherently motivated to engage in tasks they are competent at
247
opponent-process theory
if a certain emotion provokes an intense reaction, the opposite reaction tends to dominate
ex: stopping drugs and experiencing withdrawal, so user keeps doing drugs
248
attitudes
psychological orientations that people have towards another person, activity or topic in general
249
thomas theorem
if people define situations as real, those situations have real consequences
250
cognitive dissonance theory
the discrepancy when a certain attitude or behavior is confronted with conflicting evidence
people try to relieve and rationalize cognitive dissonance
251
elaboration-likelihood model
likelihood of being persuaded to change emotions through either the central route of processing or the peripheral route of processing
252
central route of processing
rational decisions based on advantages/disadvantages, deeper thinking/processing, and stable outcomes
253
peripheral route of processing
superficial decisions based on gut reactions and surface level thoughts, less stable outcomes
254
social cognitive theory
modeling desired attitudes and behaviors of others can be a strong method of changing attitudes
look at other's attitudes/behaviors, social norms can be a powerful source of persuasion
255
goal of classical conditioning
to make an unconditioned response into a conditioned response
256
difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning
operant conditioning relies on a reward
257
acquistion
successful conditioning
258
walk through Pavlov's experiment using proper vocab
the dogs show an unconditioned response to salivate when they see meat (unconditioned stimulus)
the unconditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus (bell rings)
dogs end up salvating for the bell and the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus
259
extinction
conditioned stimulus stops producing behavior if repeatedly unpaired with unconditioned stimulus
260
habituation
repeated stimuli elicit a diminished response over time
get used to the stimuli
261
dishabituation
intervening stimulus resensitizes person to original stimulus
262
spontaneous recovery
conditioned response re-emerges without another conditioning process
263
discrimination
ability to distinguish stimuli from each other
opposite of stimuli generalization
264
reinforcement
part of operant conditioning
anything to increase frequency of a behavior
265
punishment
part of operant conditioning
anything to decrease frequency of a behavior
266
escape learning
learning a behavior to terminate an aversive stimulus
ex: getting out of bed to shut off alarm
267
avoidance learning
learning a behavior to prevent an aversive stimulus from occuring at all
ex: cleaning room to avoid getting yelling at
268
example of fixed ratio reinforcement
a rat gets a reward after four laps around track
269
most effective partial reinforcement schedule
variable ratio schedule
270
shaping
gradual approximations of target behavior that are rewarded
271
instinctive drift
stop performing behavior and go back to instincts
happens with operant conditioning
272
token economy
secondary reinforcers (coins for good behavior) can be exchanged for primary reinforcers (day off)
273
encoding
the initial learning of information
274
priming
the effect (either positive or negative) of our context on our ability to encode stimuli
275
chunking
complex stimulus is broken down into smaller components to encode
ex: phone numbers
276
method of loci
helps with encoding by mentally mapping information onto an imagined space
277
does psychological arousal help or hurt encoding?
psychological arousal can either help or hurt
too much arousal could lead to panic and anxiety
278
sensory memory
instantaneous
temporarily stored
decays quickly
279
3 main categories of memory
sensory, short-term and long-term
280
short-term memory
tens of seconds to minutes
small capacity, can only hold 5-9 items
281
how is sensory memory changed into short-term memory?
attention
282
working memory
the cognitive and attentional processes used in short term memory
283
visuospatial sketchpad is a component of what memory?
working memory
284
long-term memory
information stored for hours to years
storage is not limited
285
visuospatial sketchpad
a buffer that holds onto visual + spatial information as it is processed by the working memory
286
other names for semantic memory
explicit / declarative
287
other names for procedural memory
implicit
288
types of long-term memories
semantic, procedural, and episodic
289
semantic memory
specific pieces of information
WHAT
290
procedural memory
memory of how to do something
HOW
291
episodic memory
memory of experiences
292
eidetic memory
photographic memory
remember details of stimuli after short exposure
293
iconic memory
highly detailed visual image can remain briefly in our perception after stimulus is removed
294
prospective memory
memories about plans for the future
295
How is memory stored?
organized into hierarchal semantic networks
296
spreading activation
a stimulus might activate many associated networks of memories in the brain
297
source monitoring error
we correctly remember information, but misattribute its source
298
recall versus recognition
recall is active and recognition is passive
299
serial position effect
the extreme ends of a list are more likely to be recalled
300
spacing effect
recall is more effective when learning process is spaced out
301
dual coding effect
studying multiple modalities is more effective than one
302
state-dependent effect
more likely to recall certain memories when you are in the same mood as when they were encoded
303
misinformation effect
information we subsequently attain can effect how we remember the original event
304
reconstructive memory
memory is active
we build memories based on our perception of ourselves, others and context
305
Ebbinghaus forgetting curve
repeated rounds of learning slows down forgetting and consolidates more info into long-term memory
306
proactive interference
old hurts new
old memories inhibit the consolidation/retrieval of new information
307
retroactive interference
new hurts old
new information inhibits the retrieval of old memories
308
retrograde amnesia
trouble recalling past events
309
anterograde amnesia
trouble storing new memories
310
neurofibrillarly tangles
characteristic of alzheimers, along with amyloid plaques
311
What characterizes Korsakoff disease?
confabulation – creating elaborate fictional stories
312
What causes Korsakoff disease?
deficiencies of thiamine (vitamin B1)
313
neuroplasticity
ability for brain to rewire itself (change synaptic connections) in response to learning new information or to compensate for disease/injury
314
attrition bias
occurs when people drop out of a long term study
315
reconstructive bias
our memories of the past are not as accurate as we think
316
demographic
a particular sector of a population
317
informational versus normative influence
information – accepting someone's evidence as reality
normative – believing group's opinion for social approval
318
compliance versus ingratiation
compliance – superficially conforming when actually not believing
ingratiation – attempting to appear more likeable to get people to agree with you
319
fundamental attribution error
people tend to overemphasize internal characteristics rather than external factors
320
attribution theory
relates to ways in which people try to assign causes to various behaviors and events
321
social clock
a culturally specific timetable of when life events should occur
322
example of a social clock
getting married at 30 in America
323
activity theory
states that elderly people wish to stay active just as much as younger people
324
permissive parenting style
low control and high warmth
325
authoritarian parenting style
high control and low warmth
326
authoritative parenting style
high control and high warmth
327
ambivalent parenting style
low control and low warmth
328
parallel play
preschool children are more likely to play side by side and observe the other children rather than playing together
329
Kubler-Ross model of stages of facing death and how to remember them
denial anger bargaining depression acceptance
death always brings definite acceptance
330
How can you increase statistical power?
increase the number of subjects
331
reciprocal determinism
people's behavior is both influenced by other people and the environment and influences other
332
ideal bureacracy
works towards promoting its mission
333
Within-subject design
allows researchers to control for individual differences between subjects
334
Sensation versus perception
Sensation: when a real, physical object's information is detected by our body (objective)
Perception: our brain's personal experience of sensory information (subjective)
335
What four properties do sensory receptors communicate?
1) location
2) modality / type of stimulus
3) intensity
4) duration
336
gustatory receptors
sense of taste
337
hair cells
receptors for hearing
convert pressure signals from sound waves into action potentials
also help with rotation / balance
338
mechanoreceptors
respond to mechanical stimuli / touch
339
interoceptors
provide info about what is going on within the body
340
proprioceptors
give us a sense of the relative position of our body in space
341
proximal stimulus
what the sensory receptor actually picks up on
342
distal stimulus
environmental source of those signals
343
tonic receptors
slow to adapt to stimuli
respond to stimuli as long as it is present
344
phasic receptors
send a burst of action potentials then stop
| fast adaption
345
Signal detection theory 4 choices
1) stimuli present + detected : Hit
2) stimuli present + not detected: miss
3) stimuli absent + detected: false alarm
4) stimuli absent + not detected: correct rejection
346
law of pragnanz
objects are interpreted in the simplest and most meaningful ways
347
rhodopsin
a light sensitive protein round in the rods
348
cornea
protects the eye and gathers light
349
ciliary muscle
adjusts the eye's lens
350
choroid
supplies the eye with blood
351
visual processing first pathway
```
rod/cones
horizontal cells
bipolar cells
amacrine cells
ganglion cells
```
352
motion parallax
objects that are close to us move further across our visual than objects that are far from us
353
serial memory processing
systemically giving attention to one thing at a time
354
eustachian tube
part of nasal cavity and helps stabilize pressure
355
tympanic membrane
eardrum that vibrates in response to sound waves
separates the outer and middle ear
356
oval window
separates middle and inner ear
357
hair cells
located in the cochlea on the thin basilar membrane
pick up on vibrations in endolymph fluid
358
thin basilar membrane thickness
thicker at base of cochlea for high frequency waves
thinner at apex of cochlea for low frequency waves
359
Otolithic organs
help us detect linear acceleration and head positioning
calcium carbonate crystals pull on hair cells
would not work well without gravity!
360
Major depressive disorder
minimum of a two week period with at least one major depressive episode
361
Anhedonia
lack of interest in previously enjoyable activities
362
Dysthymia
less intense depression for at least two years
363
Persistent depressive disorder
experiencing significant depressive symptoms for more than two years
364
bipolar I
primarily maniac
365
bipolar II
primarily depressive
366
Illness anxiety disorder
no real physical symptoms but worried
367
Somatic symptom disorder
worried over a real physical symtom
368
Conversion disorder
physical symptoms involving the impairment of sensory and voluntary motor function without a voluntary cause
369
Dissociative amnesia
a type of retrograde amnesia in which people lose episodic memories about their lives
370
What is schizophrenia first treated with?
neuroleptics
371
What is a common negative symptom of shizophrenia?
disturbance of affect
372
Antisocial personality disorder
a pervasive pattern of disregard for others
violence and a lack of remorse
373
Borderline personality disorder
a tendency for extremely intense but unstable emotions and moods
374
Splitting
a feature of borderline personality disorder
people are seen as either completely good or completely bad with no in-between
375
What Parkinson's affect?
causes cell death in substantia nigra which leads to reduced dopamine expression
376
Ego-synnthic
personality disorder and goals align
377
Schizoid
emotional aloofness and isolation
378
Shizotypal
discomfort and "weird" delusions or beliefs
