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Physics Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

What is a Newton equal?

A

kg * m/s2

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2
Q

What is a Pascal equal to?

A

F/A

N/m2

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3
Q

Conversion of Pascal to atm

A

1 atm = 1*10^5 Pa

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4
Q

What is a Joule equal to?

A

N*m

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5
Q

What is a Watt equal to?

A

J/s

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6
Q

Conversion of ºC to Kelvin?

A

K = ºC + 273

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7
Q

sin(0)

A

0

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8
Q

cos(0)

A

1

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9
Q

sin(90)

A

1

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10
Q

cos(90)

A

0

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11
Q

sin(30)

A

0.5

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12
Q

cos(30)

A

0.9

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13
Q

cos(45)

A

0.7

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14
Q

sin(60)

A

0.9

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15
Q

Specific heat formula

A

Q=mc∆T

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16
Q

How many liters are in one mol of gas?

A

22.4

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17
Q

Standard work formula

A

W = F•d•cos(theta)

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18
Q

Work on gases at constant pressure

A

W = P•∆V

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19
Q

How do ramps give a mechanical advantage?

A

increase the distance, so decrease the amount of force needed to input

F1D1 = F2D2
W1 = W2
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20
Q

Mechanical advantage of inclined plane formula

A

incline length / incline height

d in / d out

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21
Q

Power formula

A

P = work / t

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22
Q

What are units for power?

A

J/s or Watts

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23
Q

What are the units for work?

A

N * m, J

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24
Q

Torque formula

A

T = Fdsin(theta)

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25
Q

Spring force

A

F = -kx

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26
Q

Centripetal acceleration formula

A

a = (Vt)^2 / r

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27
Q

What is the units of energy?

A

joules

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28
Q

PE elastic

A

= 1/2 kx^2

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29
Q

Positive work

A

work done on an object by its environment

increases an object’s kinetic energy

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30
Q

Negative work

A

work done on the environment by an object

decreases an object’s kinetic energy

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31
Q

As velocity increases what happens to air resistance?

A

it increases

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32
Q

What happens at terminal velocity?

A

Fg = Far

there is no net force

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33
Q

In projectile motion what is time dependent on?

A

the vertical motion only

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34
Q

Temperature

A

a measure of hotness that is proportional to the kinetic energy of the object

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35
Q

heat

A

energy transferred between two substances of different temperatures

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36
Q

Thermal equilibrium

A

temperature is the same

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37
Q

What velocity do you have to use for the kinetic energy of a particle?

A

Vrms

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38
Q

What is the body temperature in ºC?

A

37ºC

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39
Q

What is the body temp in K?

A

~300K

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40
Q

What is boiling point of water in ºC?

A

100ºC

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41
Q

What is the absolute zero?

A

0K

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42
Q

What does absolute zero mean?

A

there is no vibration between atoms

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43
Q

What is heat measured in?

A

joules

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44
Q

Conduction

A

heat transfer by direct contact between substances

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45
Q

Convection

A

focuses on circulation of liquids and gases

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46
Q

Radiation

A

energy transferred between electromagnetic waves

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47
Q

What types of expansion can happen from heat?

A

length and volume

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48
Q

As gases expand, what happens to work?

A

they do work on the environment and they lose energy

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49
Q

As gases contract, what happens to work?

A

the environment does work on the gas and gases increase in energy

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50
Q

First law of thermodynamics

A

energy cannot be created or destroyed

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51
Q

Energy of a closed system

A

∆U = Q - Work by system

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52
Q

Second law of thermodynamics

A

entropy will increase over time

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53
Q

Relationship between entropy and heat

A

∆S = Q/T

more heat transferred = more entropy

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54
Q

What makes heat transfers spontaneous?

A

entropy

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55
Q

Coulomb unit

A

Ampere * seconds

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56
Q

What is the magnitude of charge for protons and electrons?

A

1.6 * 10^-19

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57
Q

Electric field units

A

N/C

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58
Q

What is Fe in an electric field?

A

F = qE

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59
Q

What is work done by an electric field?

A

W=q∆V

W = kQq / r

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60
Q

If we move a positive charge in the direction of the electric field, do we do positive or negative work?

A

the potential energy decreases, so the kinetic energy increases

more kinetic energy, means we added energy and did positive work

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61
Q

Diamagnetic

A

fully paired orbitals

cannot generate a magnetic field

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62
Q

Paramagnetic

A

unpaired electrons have no net spin and material as a whole has no dipole

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63
Q

How can a paramagnetic material form a dipole?

A

if another magnetic field is brought close

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64
Q

Ferromagnetic

A

unpaired electrons retain a stable, non-random distribution of spin

permanent magnets

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65
Q

What direction do magnetic field lines go?

A

from North to South pole on outside of bar magnet

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66
Q

What does current physically refer to?

A

the movement of positive charges

67
Q

At what angle is there no net magnetic force?

A

when the particle is moving parallel to the magnetic field

68
Q

When does the magnetic field produce uniform circular motion?

A

when the magnetic field is completely perpendicular to the charge

69
Q

Formula for acceleration in uniform circular motion

A

a = v^2/r

70
Q

Formula for radius of uniform circular motion from magnetic field

A

r = mv/qB

71
Q

Formula for magnetic field generated from a current

A

B = uI / 2pi*r

72
Q

What is current equivalent to conceptually?

A

charge / time

73
Q

DC current

A

current moves in a single direction through the circuit

74
Q

AC current

A

direction of current changes

75
Q

Formula for resistance of wire

A

R = p(length / area)

76
Q

Voltage

A

the difference in electric potential between two points

77
Q

Dielectric material

A

in-between the plates of a parallel capacitor

78
Q

Capacitor formula

A

Q = VC

79
Q

What does capacitance refer to?

A

how well the capacitor can store charge

80
Q

Capacitance formula

A

C = kEA/d

81
Q

What does greater dielectric material mean?

A

means greater capacitance (can hold more charge on the plates)

82
Q

What is the formula for the electric field between the parallel plate?

A

E = V/d

83
Q

What is the formula for the potential energy stored in a capacitor?

A

PE = 1/2CV^2

84
Q

What direction does the electric field inside the capacitor point?

A

from + to -

the same direction that electric field lines point

85
Q

Formula for period for spring

A

T = 2pi*sqrt(m/k)

86
Q

Formula for period of pendulum

A

T = 2pi*sqrt(L/g)

87
Q

What are the two types of mechanical waves?

A

transverse and longitudinal

88
Q

transverse waves

A

move forward horizontally from particles moving vertically

89
Q

example of a transverse wave

A

stadium wave

people stand up and wave moves forward

90
Q

longitudinal waves

A

move back and forth on same axis that waves propagate

particles bunch and spread

91
Q

What is an example of longitudinal wave?

A

sound

92
Q

Standing wave

A

made of multiple waves combining

93
Q

resonance frequency

A

object’s natural vibration frequency enabling max amplitude

94
Q

wavelength formula for standing wave with closed ends

A

wavelength = 2L/n

n= harmonic number

95
Q

wavelength formula for closed pipe

A

wavelength = 4L/n

n= odd harmonic number

96
Q

closed pipe

A

refers to pipe only being closed at one end

97
Q

for fixed strings, what does the harmonic number tell?

A

the number of antinodees

98
Q

for open strings, what does the harmonic number tell?

A

the number of nodes

99
Q

What are equivalent units for density?

A

g/mL, g/cm3, and kg/L

100
Q

What is the density of water?

A

1 g/mL

101
Q

What does specific gravity equal?

A

the density of the liquid

102
Q

What is 1 atm equal to?

A

10^5 Pa or 760 mmHg

103
Q

Hydrostatic pressure

A

Psub = pgh

p= density of fluid

104
Q

absolute pressure

A

hydrostatic pressure + atmospheric pressure

105
Q

gauge pressure

A

system pressure - atmospheric pressure

106
Q

% submerged

A

object’s density/liquid’s density *100

107
Q

Buoyant force

A

pVg

V= volume of fluid displaced
p = density of fluid
108
Q

Pascal’s law

A

a change in pressure at any point in an enclosed fluid at rest is transmitted to all points in the fluid

F1/A1 = F2/A2

109
Q

Why do system’s want to minimize surface tension?

A

more surface tension = more energy

110
Q

What is true of submerged fluids at equilibrium?

A

the buoyant force equals the gravitational force

111
Q

What are the units for viscosity?

A

Pa*s

112
Q

Relationship between viscosity and temperature

A

Viscosity decreases with increasing temp

113
Q

Laminar flow

A

flowing fluid is composed of parallel layers that may be moving at different velocities

114
Q

Turbulent flow

A

flowing fluid composed of mixed layers that vary dramatically in pressure and speed

115
Q

Reynolds number

A

higher Reynolds number indicates higher turbulent flow

116
Q

Poiseuille’s law definition

A

used to describe laminar flow of incompressible fluids through a long cylindrical tube, with no change in fluid height

117
Q

Relationship between pressure drop and flow rate

A

Increase in pressure drop leads to an increase in flow rate

118
Q

Bernoulli’s law

A

applies potential energy to fluids

119
Q

When can Bernoulli’s law be applied?

A

assume laminar flow
neglect viscosity
neglect interactions between the fluid and the container

120
Q

What do the terms in Bernoulli’s law tell us?

A

1) pressure exerted against the container walls
2) kinetic energy
3) gravitational potential energy

121
Q

If a container is open on one end, what is pressure equal to?

A

the atmospheric pressure

122
Q

What is true of the flow rate within a closed system?

A

The flow rate is constant

123
Q

Is velocity the same as flow rate?

A

No!

124
Q

At a constant height, increasing velocity will?

A

decrease pressure

125
Q

Pressure in capillaries

A

Capillaries have large total surface area which decreases velocity but not flow rate

When velocity decreases, pressure increases

126
Q

Venturi effect

A

when area decreases, velocity increases

when velocity increases, pressure decreases

127
Q

Strong nuclear force

A

holds protons together in nucleus

overcomes the repulsive electromagnetic force

128
Q

Mass defect

A

occurs from binding energy of nucleus forming

some particle’s mass becomes energy

nucleus has smaller mass than predicted

129
Q

What does E=mc^2 refer to?

A

the binding energy

m= mass defect amount

130
Q

What are the units of binding energy?

A

eV

131
Q

What is the energy of a photon?

A

E = hf

132
Q

Photoelectric effect

A

when photons hit metal, they excite electrons in the material, causing electron emission

133
Q

What is the energy of an emitted electron?

A

E = hf - work function

134
Q

Work function

A

the minimum amount of energy a photon must have to release an electron

135
Q

Nuclear fusion

A

neutrons are force together, releasing a ton of energy through binding energy

136
Q

Alpha decay

A

an alpha particle with 2 protons and 2 neutrons is released (Helium nucleus)

137
Q

What changes in the parent nucleus after alpha decay?

A

decreases by 2 in atomic number and by 4 in mass number

138
Q

Beta-minus decay

A

neutron converted to proton and a B- electron is emitted

atomic number increase by one

139
Q

Beta-plus decay

A

proton converted to neutron and B+/positron is emitted

atomic number decreases by one

140
Q

Positron

A

released during Beta-plus decay

the mass equivalent of an electron but with opposite charge

141
Q

Electron capture

A

a reaction where an electron is absorbed and merged with a proton which forms a neutron

atomic number decreases by one

142
Q

Gamma decay

A

emission of a high energy photon

143
Q

Why is gamma decay not light emission?

A

it involves exciting a neutron not an electron

light wavelength is much shorter than visible light

144
Q

Half-life formula

A

Nt = No (1/2)^(t/t 0.5)

145
Q

What to be careful of in half-life calculations?

A

determining amount remaining versus amount decayed

146
Q

Through what type of medium does sound travel the fastest? Why?

A

sound travels the fastest through a solid medium due to a large Bulk modulus

147
Q

Through what type of medium does sound travel the slowest? Why?

A

sound travels the slowest through a gas medium due to a small Bulk modulus

148
Q

Bulk modulus

A

a material’s resistance to compression

149
Q

What is the speed of sound in air?

A

340 m/s

150
Q

Ex: how much more intense is 50dB than 30dB?

A

100 times more intense

151
Q

When is Vo positive in Doppler effect?

A

if the observer is moving towards the source

causes higher frequency

152
Q

When is Vs positive in Doppler effect?

A

if the source is moving away from the observer

causes lower frequency

153
Q

Doppler effect formula

A

Fo = Fs(v+vo / v+vs)

154
Q

Does blue or red light bend more towards the normal?

A

blue light

shorter wavelengths bend more towards the normal

155
Q

When is the critical angle experienced?

A

when the refractive angle is 90º and we are moving from a higher to a lower n

156
Q

Dispersion

A

colors spread out since higher wavelengths bend more than lower wavelengths

157
Q

What is the focal length for a concave mirror?

A

positive

158
Q

What is the focal length for a convex mirror?

A

negative

159
Q

What is the focal length for a concave lens?

A

negative

160
Q

What is another name for a concave lens?

A

diverging

161
Q

What is the focal length for a convex/converging lens?

A

positive

162
Q

Myopia

A

another name for nearsightedness

163
Q

How do you correct nearsightedness?

A

with a diverging lens

MCAT Prep (22 decks)

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