Immune System

Question 1

What are antibodies made of proteins?

Answer 1

proteins

Question 2

How many subunits do antibodies have?

Answer 2

4 subunits

2 heavy chains and 2 light chains

Question 3

What type of bonds do antibodies have?

Answer 3

disulfide bonds

Question 4

hypervariable site of an antigen

Answer 4

1:1 specificity of antibody to antigen

large genetic diversity in hypervariable site

Question 5

epitope

Answer 5

site where an antigen is recognized by an antibody

Question 6

difference between leukocytes versus lymphocytes

Answer 6

leukocytes: general name for all white blood cells
lymphocytes: type of leukocytes. T-cells, B-cells, NKs

Question 7

Are leukocytes nucleated?

Answer 7

yes

Question 8

Neutrophils

Answer 8

type of leukocytes that quickly track down pathogens/bacteria and phagocytze them

Question 9

NK cells

Answer 9

destroy damaged / infected body cells

straddle the innate and adaptive immune system because they destroy cells targeted by the adapative system

Question 10

Types of monocytes

Answer 10

macrophages and dendridic cells

Question 11

macrophages

Answer 11

phagocytosis of general extracellular debris

Question 12

dendriditic cells

Answer 12

involved in the allergic reaction pathway

Question 13

basophils

Answer 13

inflammatory cells that release histamine as part of allergic response

Question 14

eosinophils

Answer 14

target parasitic infections

Question 15

hematopoiesis

Answer 15

production of red and white blood cells in bone marrow

Question 16

what happens when diseases attack the bone marrow?

Answer 16

results in an underesponsive immune response

patient is suspectible to disease

Question 17

example of diseases that attack the bone marrow

Answer 17

leukemia

Question 18

how to treat leukemia and HIV?

Answer 18

bone marrow transplant

Question 19

Spleen and the immune system

Answer 19

spleen’s white pulp is important for B-cell activation

Question 20

Thymus

Answer 20

small organ in the chest where T-cells are educated and matured

Question 21

lymph

Answer 21

colorless, lipid rich fluid that flows through lymphatic system

Question 22

Does lymphatic system transport carbohydrates or lipids?

Answer 22

lipids

lymph is lipid rich

Question 23

What do lymph nodes contain?

Answer 23

high concentrations of T and B cells

Question 24

granulocytes

Answer 24

Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

involved in the innate immune response

Question 25

Main functions of the lymphatic system

Answer 25

1) Maintain fluid balance 2) collect and return interstitial fluid to circultation 3) lipid and cell transport 4) producing lymphocytes

Question 26

autoimmunity

Answer 26

action of immune system directed towards healthy host tissues too reactive immune system

Question 27

Examples of autoimmune diseases

Answer 27

allergies and rheumatoid arthertis

Question 28

How does the mouth first protect against foreign bodies?

Answer 28

saliva contains lysozyme that breaks down bacterial cell wall

Question 29

How do neutrophils work?

Answer 29

they are part of the innate immune system follow chemotaxic signals to site of infection and then engulf foreign bodies

Question 30

complement system

Answer 30

proteins tag cells for destruction as part of the innate immune system

Question 31

inflammation

Answer 31

vasodilation at site of infection increases heat, swelling, pain, redness

Question 32

NSAID

Answer 32

antiflammatory drugs

Question 33

cytokines

Answer 33

small proteins that are involved in immune system signaling

Question 34

interferons

Answer 34

example of cytokines that are released in viral attacks

Question 35

Where do T-cells mature?

Answer 35

the thymus

Question 36

Thymic cortex

Answer 36

removes cells that do not react appropriately to pathogens removes underreactive T-cells

Question 37

Thymic medulla

Answer 37

removes T-cells that overreact to pathogens

Question 38

Cell mediate response

Answer 38

MHCs and T-cells

Question 39

Humoral response

Answer 39

B-cells, plasma cells, and antibodies

Question 40

Where are MHC1 receptors found?

Answer 40

presented on all cells

Question 41

Which type of T-cells recognize MHC1 antigens?

Answer 41

CD8 killer T-cells cytotoxic T-cells

Question 42

Which type of T-cells recognize MHC2 antigens?

Answer 42

CD4 helper T-cells

Question 43

What type of receptor would viral antigens present on?

Answer 43

MHC1 receptors virsus's dna is in the host cell normal host cell presents information on MHC1 receptor

Question 44

What type of receptor would bacteria antigens present on?

Answer 44

MHC2 receptors macrophages and dendritic cells would have engulfed the bacteria and destroyed it, then presented the bacteria's antigen

Question 45

Where are MHC2 receptors found?

Answer 45

macrophages and dendritic cells after these cells engulf and destroy bacteria, they present the pathogen's antigens on the MHC2 receptors

Question 46

What happens when CD4 T-cells recognize antigens?

Answer 46

helper T-cells secrete cytokines cytokines recruit innate immune system cells

Question 47

What type of cells can become memory cells?

Answer 47

Killer T-cells, helper T-cells, B-cells

Question 48

plasma cells

Answer 48

part of the humoral response make and secrete large amount of antibodies

Question 49

passive immunity

Answer 49

antibodies produced by one organism and transferred to another mother passes antibodies to offspring

Question 50

suppressor T-cells

Answer 50

regulate B and T-cells to decrease anti-antigen activity

Question 51

active immunity

Answer 51

antibodies are produced during immune response

Question 52

immunoglobin

Answer 52

a type of antibody abbreviated Ig

Question 53

Which type of leukocyte primarily distinguishes between self and non-self? How?

Answer 53

T-cells by recognizing MHC receptors

Question 54

What type of cells will normally present an unknown antigen on MHC1 receptors?

Answer 54

cells infected with a virus cancerous cells

Question 55

peristalsis

Answer 55

the involuntary constriction and relaxation of the muscles of the intestine

Question 56

how does peristalsis contribute to the immune system?

Answer 56

pathogens can't latch onto the intestines and start a colony there

Question 57

magophages versus phagocytes

Answer 57

macrophages are a specific form of phagocytes

Question 58

opsonization

Answer 58

when complement proteins tag pathogens for destruction

Question 59

cytokine storm

Answer 59

positive feedback loop where too many cytokines triggers the immune response which makes more cytokines results in over active immune system

Question 60

What happens to activated B-cells?

Answer 60

they either become plasma cells and secrete large amount of antibodies or they become memory B-cells

Question 61

autoimmune diseases versus allergies

Answer 61

both are over reactive immune systems allergies over react to harmless foreign cells autoimmune diseases over react to self cells