Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MCAT Prep > Immune System > Flashcards

Immune System Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
MCAT flashcards
1
Q

What are antibodies made of proteins?

A

proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How many subunits do antibodies have?

A

4 subunits

2 heavy chains and 2 light chains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What type of bonds do antibodies have?

A

disulfide bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

hypervariable site of an antigen

A

1:1 specificity of antibody to antigen

large genetic diversity in hypervariable site

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

epitope

A

site where an antigen is recognized by an antibody

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

difference between leukocytes versus lymphocytes

A

leukocytes: general name for all white blood cells
lymphocytes: type of leukocytes. T-cells, B-cells, NKs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Are leukocytes nucleated?

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Neutrophils

A

type of leukocytes that quickly track down pathogens/bacteria and phagocytze them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

NK cells

A

destroy damaged / infected body cells

straddle the innate and adaptive immune system because they destroy cells targeted by the adapative system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Types of monocytes

A

macrophages and dendridic cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

macrophages

A

phagocytosis of general extracellular debris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

dendriditic cells

A

involved in the allergic reaction pathway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

basophils

A

inflammatory cells that release histamine as part of allergic response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

eosinophils

A

target parasitic infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

hematopoiesis

A

production of red and white blood cells in bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what happens when diseases attack the bone marrow?

A

results in an underesponsive immune response

patient is suspectible to disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

example of diseases that attack the bone marrow

A

leukemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

how to treat leukemia and HIV?

A

bone marrow transplant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Spleen and the immune system

A

spleen’s white pulp is important for B-cell activation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Thymus

A

small organ in the chest where T-cells are educated and matured

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

lymph

A

colorless, lipid rich fluid that flows through lymphatic system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Does lymphatic system transport carbohydrates or lipids?

A

lipids

lymph is lipid rich

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What do lymph nodes contain?

A

high concentrations of T and B cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

granulocytes

A

Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

involved in the innate immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Main functions of the lymphatic system

A

1) Maintain fluid balance
2) collect and return interstitial fluid to circultation
3) lipid and cell transport
4) producing lymphocytes

26
Q

autoimmunity

A

action of immune system directed towards healthy host tissues

too reactive immune system

27
Q

Examples of autoimmune diseases

A

allergies and rheumatoid arthertis

28
Q

How does the mouth first protect against foreign bodies?

A

saliva contains lysozyme that breaks down bacterial cell wall

29
Q

How do neutrophils work?

A

they are part of the innate immune system

follow chemotaxic signals to site of infection and then engulf foreign bodies

30
Q

complement system

A

proteins tag cells for destruction as part of the innate immune system

31
Q

inflammation

A

vasodilation at site of infection

increases heat, swelling, pain, redness

32
Q

NSAID

A

antiflammatory drugs

33
Q

cytokines

A

small proteins that are involved in immune system signaling

34
Q

interferons

A

example of cytokines that are released in viral attacks

35
Q

Where do T-cells mature?

A

the thymus

36
Q

Thymic cortex

A

removes cells that do not react appropriately to pathogens

removes underreactive T-cells

37
Q

Thymic medulla

A

removes T-cells that overreact to pathogens

38
Q

Cell mediate response

A

MHCs and T-cells

39
Q

Humoral response

A

B-cells, plasma cells, and antibodies

40
Q

Where are MHC1 receptors found?

A

presented on all cells

41
Q

Which type of T-cells recognize MHC1 antigens?

A

CD8 killer T-cells

cytotoxic T-cells

42
Q

Which type of T-cells recognize MHC2 antigens?

A

CD4 helper T-cells

43
Q

What type of receptor would viral antigens present on?

A

MHC1 receptors

virsus’s dna is in the host cell

normal host cell presents information on MHC1 receptor

44
Q

What type of receptor would bacteria antigens present on?

A

MHC2 receptors

macrophages and dendritic cells would have engulfed the bacteria and destroyed it, then presented the bacteria’s antigen

45
Q

Where are MHC2 receptors found?

A

macrophages and dendritic cells

after these cells engulf and destroy bacteria, they present the pathogen’s antigens on the MHC2 receptors

46
Q

What happens when CD4 T-cells recognize antigens?

A

helper T-cells secrete cytokines

cytokines recruit innate immune system cells

47
Q

What type of cells can become memory cells?

A

Killer T-cells, helper T-cells, B-cells

48
Q

plasma cells

A

part of the humoral response

make and secrete large amount of antibodies

49
Q

passive immunity

A

antibodies produced by one organism and transferred to another

mother passes antibodies to offspring

50
Q

suppressor T-cells

A

regulate B and T-cells to decrease anti-antigen activity

51
Q

active immunity

A

antibodies are produced during immune response

52
Q

immunoglobin

A

a type of antibody

abbreviated Ig

53
Q

Which type of leukocyte primarily distinguishes between self and non-self? How?

A

T-cells by recognizing MHC receptors

54
Q

What type of cells will normally present an unknown antigen on MHC1 receptors?

A

cells infected with a virus

cancerous cells

55
Q

peristalsis

A

the involuntary constriction and relaxation of the muscles of the intestine

56
Q

how does peristalsis contribute to the immune system?

A

pathogens can’t latch onto the intestines and start a colony there

57
Q

magophages versus phagocytes

A

macrophages are a specific form of phagocytes

58
Q

opsonization

A

when complement proteins tag pathogens for destruction

59
Q

cytokine storm

A

positive feedback loop where too many cytokines triggers the immune response which makes more cytokines

results in over active immune system

60
Q

What happens to activated B-cells?

A

they either become plasma cells and secrete large amount of antibodies

or they become memory B-cells

61
Q

autoimmune diseases versus allergies

A

both are over reactive immune systems

allergies over react to harmless foreign cells

autoimmune diseases over react to self cells

MCAT Prep (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions