Socialisation And Culture

Question 1

Social imagination

Answer 1

We need to create a public imagine of a personal problem. Creating awareness of issues which are defined as private and making them public issues

Question 2

Modern sociology

Answer 2

Sociology after the expansion, influenced by US sociology. Only labelled as a social science in 1960s

Question 3

Two ways sociology research is conducted

Answer 3

Conceptualised- made into concepts

Empirical- research that tests the concepts, produces data (primary or secondary)

Question 4

Positivist

Answer 4

Person who believes in quantitative (numerical) data. Useful for establishing patterns. It’s more objective meaning it’s scientific and refuses researcher bias

Question 5

Interpretivist

Answer 5

Person who believes in qualitative data. This is data that’s in depth in textual form. Observations and unstructured interviews create this type of data

Question 6

Primary socialisation

Answer 6

First stage of life long learning process. We learn basic norms and behaviours from our family

Question 7

Validity

Answer 7

Where the data provided a true picture of the social reality of those being researched

Question 8

Reliability

Answer 8

The ability to repeat the same research and gain the same or similar results

Question 9

Representativeness

Answer 9

The extent to which a sample is reflective of the target population

Question 10

Generalisability

Answer 10

The ability to make claims about the target population from the research findings

Question 11

Nature vs nurture

Answer 11

Do we act the way we do due to certain biological characteristics
Or is our behaviour learned through socialisation/imitation

Question 12

What happens if we miss out on primary socialisation?

Answer 12

The child socialises with a different caregiver eg. An animal and takes on different norms and values

When a child has had no socialisation in their lives= feral

Question 13

What happens to feral children raised by animals? Example?

Answer 13

Take on norms of that animal. Eg. Genie couldn’t speak, size of a six year old (age13). Learned words but couldn’t learn grammar. Oxana raised by dogs, couldn’t speak, barked

Question 14

Six agents of socialisation

Answer 14

Family (primary) 
Secondary: 
Media (informal)
Education (formal)
Peer group (informal)
Workplace (formal)
Religion (formal)

Question 15

Strategies/processes of social control

Answer 15

Positive/negative sanctions:
Agents- work place, education 
Stereotyping:
Agents- media, religion 
Imitation:
Agents- media, peer group 
Inclusion/exclusion:
Agents- peer groups, education
Rewards/praise:
Agents-family, education
Peer pressure:
Agents- peer groups, media

Question 16

⭐️ biological determinism

Answer 16

Behaviour which is instinctive

Question 17

⭐️Social constructionism

Answer 17

Behaviour which is taught, relative (changes over time, place and society)

Question 18

Norms and values

Answer 18

Norms: unspoken rules/expected patterns of behaviour

Values: beliefs and moral views deeply held by most members of society

Question 19

Example of value and norm

Answer 19

Value: manners
Norm: please and thank you

Value: cleanliness
Norm: showering everyday

Question 20

Social roles

Answer 20

Role someone plays in a group or situation. Carry out specific behaviours to accompany this role eg. Mum or CEO

Question 21

Ascribed status

Answer 21

A status a person is born with . Example, member of the royal family

Question 22

Achieved status

Answer 22

Refers to a status you work for

Example: teacher got a degree to earn that job

Question 23

Culture

Answer 23

Refers to the language, beliefs, values, norms, customs, roles and skills which combine to make up the way of life of any society. Culture is transmitted through socialisation from one generation to the next

Question 24

Different types of culture

Answer 24

Spectacular culture 
High culture 
Popular culture 
Global culture 
Consumer culture 
Cultural diversity 
Multiculturalism

Question 25

subcultures

Answer 25

Social group who obeys norms and values of wider society but also has their own distinct from the rest of society Eg, goths, bikers, hippies

Question 26

High culture

Answer 26

``` Culture of the elite or upper class Opera appreciation, art exhibits, reading ‘the classics ```

Question 27

Popular culture

Answer 27

Culture of ordinary people, engage in mass produced forms of entertainment Tv, cars, radio

Question 28

Global culture

Answer 28

Global cultures emerge as a result of globalisation. | Google, Ford, McDonalds

Question 29

Consumer culture

Answer 29

Culture in which the consumption of goods and services is the norm Online shopping, delivery for foods eg. Deliveroo, just eat

Question 30

Cultural diversity

Answer 30

A culture that includes other groups living separately in society Eg. ‘China Town’ in London, Jewish areas in London

Question 31

Multiculturalism

Answer 31

Different cultures living equally in society | Eg. World food isles, Afro beat music

Question 32

Socialisation (6)

Answer 32

Refers to process of how the structures of society and the people within it transfer certain norms and values to influence an individual’s behaviour. This prepares them to function adequately and take on certain roles in society. Eg.

Question 33

Primary socialisation (6)

Answer 33

First agent of socialisation an individual experiences, the family. This defines how the family teach basic norms and values to help them function in society through teaching rules/things important in society. Eg. Etiquette (Erik who ate raw meat with hands), learning language

Question 34

Secondary socialisation (6)

Answer 34

Refers to influences on behaviour from agents other than family. These structures in society teach norms and values to help individuals function effectively in different social roles. Eg. Education (written/maths/hidden curriculum), religion (religious texts contain rules)

Question 35

Social control (6)

Answer 35

Process of persuading/conditioning individuals to conform to norms/values deemed important to society. These can be formal/informal. Eg. Negative sanctions (detention), peer pressure

Question 36

Formal social control (6)

Answer 36

Refers to formal methods of conditioning/persuasion to take on certain norms/values/behaviours. These often associate with more formal agents of socialisation such as the workplace. Eg. Negative sanctions (detention), official rules (school uniform)

Question 37

Informal social control (6)

Answer 37

Refers to informal persuasion/conditioning into certain norms/values/behaviour. These are often associated with more informal agents of socialisation such as family or peer group. Eg. Peer pressure, imitating role models in media or within the home

Question 38

Norms (6)

Answer 38

Unwritten and often unspoken rules/expected patterns of behaviour in everyday life, referring to specific situations. Individuals may be deemed abnormal if they don’t demonstrate these behaviours as they are expected in society. Eg. Paying in shops, bathing daily, following police/teacher instructions

Question 39

Values (6)

Answer 39

Beliefs and moral views that are deeply embedded within a society and so are expected of people within that culture. Eg. One should not steal/break the law, one should be hygienic, one should respect their elders/authoritative figures

Question 40

Roles (6)

Answer 40

Refer to someone’s function/part they play within a society. This required an individual to carry out specific tasks to fulfill this role. Eg. Parent (financial support), manager (guiding team)

Question 41

Status (6)

Answer 41

Refers to your position in a hierarchy of society. Everyone has several statuses in different roles/areas of their life which come together to create a ‘status set’. These can be ascribed or achieved. Eg. Ascribed status shown though royal family (Queen), achieved status shown in entrepreneurs such as Lord Sugar

Question 42

Culture (6)

Answer 42

Culture refers to beliefs and ways of life of a society/social group. Culture consists of norms, values, statuses, roles and customs.

Question 43

Customs (6)

Answer 43

Customs are traditional forms of behaviour associated with particular social occasions which are expected in society, these can vary cross culturally. Eg. Birthday cake, wedding gifts

Question 44

Global culture (6)

Answer 44

Refers to inter-connectedness worldwide (politically, socially, economically) which means culture around the world is being shared (often westernised). Eg. Social media, Americanisation

Question 45

Identity (6)

Answer 45

Refers to a sense of self. How individuals view themselves and how they are seen by others. Identities are influenced by culture, ethnicity, gender etc. Eg. Social class, ethnicity, gender

Question 46

Subcultures (6)

Answer 46

create their own set of norms and values in a specific subgroup, can be viewed as deviant when their norms and values diverge from wider held beliefs Eg. Goths (dark makeup, sinister music seen as antisocial) , hippy (freedom, floral, smoke weed, drugs are norm breaking)

Question 47

High culture (6)

Answer 47

Refers to the culture of the elite/upper class. They emerge themselves in activities associated with high social capital/economic capital as this is not accessible to everyone. They place high importance of raising their children around high culture. Eg. Need connections to be member of polo club, opera develops cultural capital

Question 48

Popular culture (6)

Answer 48

Refers to the culture of ordinary people. Activities which are widely practiced amongst different people in society. Often engaging in mass produced forms of media. Eg. Cinema/theatre, football, consumerism, reality TV

Question 49

Consumer culture (6)

Answer 49

Refers to the norm in society of having importance based around consuming goods and services. This is often associated with the middle class, status and peer approval. Eg. Advertisements on TV, online shopping (food delivery services)

Question 50

Disability (6)

Answer 50

A physical/mental impairment which has a substantial/long-term effect on one’s ability/quality of life. Eg. Autism, cystic fibrosis

Question 51

Social model (6)

Answer 51

Refers to the social/physical barriers which prevent inclusion of disabled individuals in society and deny access for them. Eg. Stairs in a building, stereotyping

Question 52

Processes of social control

Answer 52

``` Official rules Role models Stereotyping Peer pressure Negative sanctions Praise ```

Question 53

Ascribed status (6)

Answer 53

A role/title an individual does not have to work for. They are often born with status or they have it allocated to them through family ties/money. - being a member of the royal family eg. Queen - being a sister (did not work to become this, automatic title)

Question 54

Achieved status (6)

Answer 54

A role an individual must work for. It’s not automatically given or born into. - Lord Sugar (entrepreneur) business ideas and hard work built his high status - doctor (several years working hard at university, cannot simply be born with these skills to have this role)

Question 55

Traditional working class (6)

Answer 55

A lower rank of social, economic and cultural capital. This group often have lower status occupations and lower income/disposable income. They are also often characteristic by community values. - blue collar jobs (Willis) - Crisis of Masculinity (Mac an Ghail)

Question 56

Underclass (6)

Answer 56

The lowest class group that are unemployed. They are often blamed for this and labelled as lazy or work-shy. They have the lowest income/no income and are often on benefits. - poverty porn (Benefit Street) - benefit fraud

Question 57

Middle class (6)

Answer 57

Middle class are the middle ranked group in terms of income, occupation and status. They are economically comfortable and often take managerial roles in the work place. This can also be viewed as quite a competitive group. - child centredness eg. Tutoring - yummy mummies eg. Expensive hole decor, maternal capabilities

Question 58

Upper class (6)

Answer 58

The most superior social class which is often characterised by high income, high status occupation and networking amongst eachother to stay in the elitist group. - social closure (inter marriage) - high culture (polo) need high social capital to gain contacts to join a club

Question 59

Super rich (6)

Answer 59

A new upper class which can be divided into two. They have extremely high disposable income. - jet set pop aristocracy (ascribes status) - entrepreneurial (achieved status)

Question 60

Cultural capital (6)

Answer 60

Activities individuals partake in which give themselves advantage in terms of getting involved in their surroundings and developing skills - museums -

Question 61

Economic capital (6)

Answer 61

How much money/assets one acquired and can be used to advantage them in several institutions like education and workplace - owning a sports car - pay for tutoring for their child

Question 62

Social capital (6)

Answer 62

Refers to scope of people an individual has access to socialise with, this can be developed through networking or social media -

Question 63

Gender identities (6)

Answer 63

Socially constructed identity an individual takes on, reflecting what sex they believe they belong to - male (identify with traits stereotypically belonging to a person with XY chromosomes) - female

Question 64

Sexuality (6)

Answer 64

Sexuality refers to your sexual preferences. The LGBTQ can represent your sexuality - can be reinforced through religion (potential punishment and forms of social control to enforce this) - sexuality can be reinforced through education (heterosexual assumptions at very young age influencing your preferences eg. Such a ladies man/flirt

Question 65

Masculine identities (6)

Answer 65

Type of gender identity not associated with sex but the belonging/expectations of a particular role that comes with it. Socially constructed and shaped by socialisation of appropriate norms and values - hegemonic (Oakley) - new man - Mort (appearance and domestic activities)

Question 66

Feminine identities (6)

Answer 66

Socially constructed gender identity addicted with biologically determined sex and comes with expectation of taking an expressive role in society - hegemonic (Ferguson) - ladettes (assertive, loud and break gender norms)