Socialisation And Culture Flashcards
Social imagination
We need to create a public imagine of a personal problem. Creating awareness of issues which are defined as private and making them public issues
Modern sociology
Sociology after the expansion, influenced by US sociology. Only labelled as a social science in 1960s
Two ways sociology research is conducted
Conceptualised- made into concepts
Empirical- research that tests the concepts, produces data (primary or secondary)
Positivist
Person who believes in quantitative (numerical) data. Useful for establishing patterns. It’s more objective meaning it’s scientific and refuses researcher bias
Interpretivist
Person who believes in qualitative data. This is data that’s in depth in textual form. Observations and unstructured interviews create this type of data
Primary socialisation
First stage of life long learning process. We learn basic norms and behaviours from our family
Validity
Where the data provided a true picture of the social reality of those being researched
Reliability
The ability to repeat the same research and gain the same or similar results
Representativeness
The extent to which a sample is reflective of the target population
Generalisability
The ability to make claims about the target population from the research findings
Nature vs nurture
Do we act the way we do due to certain biological characteristics
Or is our behaviour learned through socialisation/imitation
What happens if we miss out on primary socialisation?
The child socialises with a different caregiver eg. An animal and takes on different norms and values
When a child has had no socialisation in their lives= feral
What happens to feral children raised by animals? Example?
Take on norms of that animal. Eg. Genie couldn’t speak, size of a six year old (age13). Learned words but couldn’t learn grammar. Oxana raised by dogs, couldn’t speak, barked
Six agents of socialisation
Family (primary) Secondary: Media (informal) Education (formal) Peer group (informal) Workplace (formal) Religion (formal)
Strategies/processes of social control
Positive/negative sanctions: Agents- work place, education Stereotyping: Agents- media, religion Imitation: Agents- media, peer group Inclusion/exclusion: Agents- peer groups, education Rewards/praise: Agents-family, education Peer pressure: Agents- peer groups, media
⭐️ biological determinism
Behaviour which is instinctive
⭐️Social constructionism
Behaviour which is taught, relative (changes over time, place and society)
Norms and values
Norms: unspoken rules/expected patterns of behaviour
Values: beliefs and moral views deeply held by most members of society
Example of value and norm
Value: manners
Norm: please and thank you
Value: cleanliness
Norm: showering everyday
Social roles
Role someone plays in a group or situation. Carry out specific behaviours to accompany this role eg. Mum or CEO
Ascribed status
A status a person is born with . Example, member of the royal family
Achieved status
Refers to a status you work for
Example: teacher got a degree to earn that job
Culture
Refers to the language, beliefs, values, norms, customs, roles and skills which combine to make up the way of life of any society. Culture is transmitted through socialisation from one generation to the next
Different types of culture
Spectacular culture High culture Popular culture Global culture Consumer culture Cultural diversity Multiculturalism
subcultures
Social group who obeys norms and values of wider society but also has their own distinct from the rest of society
Eg, goths, bikers, hippies
High culture
Culture of the elite or upper class Opera appreciation, art exhibits, reading ‘the classics
Popular culture
Culture of ordinary people, engage in mass produced forms of entertainment
Tv, cars, radio
Global culture
Global cultures emerge as a result of globalisation.
Google, Ford, McDonalds
Consumer culture
Culture in which the consumption of goods and services is the norm
Online shopping, delivery for foods eg. Deliveroo, just eat
Cultural diversity
A culture that includes other groups living separately in society
Eg. ‘China Town’ in London, Jewish areas in London
Multiculturalism
Different cultures living equally in society
Eg. World food isles, Afro beat music
Socialisation (6)
Refers to process of how the structures of society and the people within it transfer certain norms and values to influence an individual’s behaviour. This prepares them to function adequately and take on certain roles in society.
Eg.
Primary socialisation (6)
First agent of socialisation an individual experiences, the family. This defines how the family teach basic norms and values to help them function in society through teaching rules/things important in society.
Eg. Etiquette (Erik who ate raw meat with hands), learning language
Secondary socialisation (6)
Refers to influences on behaviour from agents other than family. These structures in society teach norms and values to help individuals function effectively in different social roles.
Eg. Education (written/maths/hidden curriculum), religion (religious texts contain rules)
Social control (6)
Process of persuading/conditioning individuals to conform to norms/values deemed important to society. These can be formal/informal.
Eg. Negative sanctions (detention), peer pressure
Formal social control (6)
Refers to formal methods of conditioning/persuasion to take on certain norms/values/behaviours. These often associate with more formal agents of socialisation such as the workplace.
Eg. Negative sanctions (detention), official rules (school uniform)
Informal social control (6)
Refers to informal persuasion/conditioning into certain norms/values/behaviour. These are often associated with more informal agents of socialisation such as family or peer group.
Eg. Peer pressure, imitating role models in media or within the home
Norms (6)
Unwritten and often unspoken rules/expected patterns of behaviour in everyday life, referring to specific situations. Individuals may be deemed abnormal if they don’t demonstrate these behaviours as they are expected in society.
Eg. Paying in shops, bathing daily, following police/teacher instructions
Values (6)
Beliefs and moral views that are deeply embedded within a society and so are expected of people within that culture.
Eg. One should not steal/break the law, one should be hygienic, one should respect their elders/authoritative figures
Roles (6)
Refer to someone’s function/part they play within a society. This required an individual to carry out specific tasks to fulfill this role.
Eg. Parent (financial support), manager (guiding team)
Status (6)
Refers to your position in a hierarchy of society. Everyone has several statuses in different roles/areas of their life which come together to create a ‘status set’. These can be ascribed or achieved.
Eg. Ascribed status shown though royal family (Queen), achieved status shown in entrepreneurs such as Lord Sugar
Culture (6)
Culture refers to beliefs and ways of life of a society/social group. Culture consists of norms, values, statuses, roles and customs.
Customs (6)
Customs are traditional forms of behaviour associated with particular social occasions which are expected in society, these can vary cross culturally.
Eg. Birthday cake, wedding gifts
Global culture (6)
Refers to inter-connectedness worldwide (politically, socially, economically) which means culture around the world is being shared (often westernised).
Eg. Social media, Americanisation
Identity (6)
Refers to a sense of self. How individuals view themselves and how they are seen by others. Identities are influenced by culture, ethnicity, gender etc.
Eg. Social class, ethnicity, gender
Subcultures (6)
create their own set of norms and values in a specific subgroup, can be viewed as deviant when their norms and values diverge from wider held beliefs
Eg. Goths (dark makeup, sinister music seen as antisocial) , hippy (freedom, floral, smoke weed, drugs are norm breaking)
High culture (6)
Refers to the culture of the elite/upper class. They emerge themselves in activities associated with high social capital/economic capital as this is not accessible to everyone. They place high importance of raising their children around high culture.
Eg. Need connections to be member of polo club, opera develops cultural capital
Popular culture (6)
Refers to the culture of ordinary people. Activities which are widely practiced amongst different people in society. Often engaging in mass produced forms of media.
Eg. Cinema/theatre, football, consumerism, reality TV
Consumer culture (6)
Refers to the norm in society of having importance based around consuming goods and services. This is often associated with the middle class, status and peer approval.
Eg. Advertisements on TV, online shopping (food delivery services)
Disability (6)
A physical/mental impairment which has a substantial/long-term effect on one’s ability/quality of life.
Eg. Autism, cystic fibrosis
Social model (6)
Refers to the social/physical barriers which prevent inclusion of disabled individuals in society and deny access for them.
Eg. Stairs in a building, stereotyping
Processes of social control
Official rules Role models Stereotyping Peer pressure Negative sanctions Praise
Ascribed status (6)
A role/title an individual does not have to work for. They are often born with status or they have it allocated to them through family ties/money.
- being a member of the royal family eg. Queen
- being a sister (did not work to become this, automatic title)
Achieved status (6)
A role an individual must work for. It’s not automatically given or born into.
- Lord Sugar (entrepreneur) business ideas and hard work built his high status
- doctor (several years working hard at university, cannot simply be born with these skills to have this role)
Traditional working class (6)
A lower rank of social, economic and cultural capital. This group often have lower status occupations and lower income/disposable income. They are also often characteristic by community values.
- blue collar jobs (Willis)
- Crisis of Masculinity (Mac an Ghail)
Underclass (6)
The lowest class group that are unemployed. They are often blamed for this and labelled as lazy or work-shy. They have the lowest income/no income and are often on benefits.
- poverty porn (Benefit Street)
- benefit fraud
Middle class (6)
Middle class are the middle ranked group in terms of income, occupation and status. They are economically comfortable and often take managerial roles in the work place. This can also be viewed as quite a competitive group.
- child centredness eg. Tutoring
- yummy mummies eg. Expensive hole decor, maternal capabilities
Upper class (6)
The most superior social class which is often characterised by high income, high status occupation and networking amongst eachother to stay in the elitist group.
- social closure (inter marriage)
- high culture (polo) need high social capital to gain contacts to join a club
Super rich (6)
A new upper class which can be divided into two. They have extremely high disposable income.
- jet set pop aristocracy (ascribes status)
- entrepreneurial (achieved status)
Cultural capital (6)
Activities individuals partake in which give themselves advantage in terms of getting involved in their surroundings and developing skills
- museums
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Economic capital (6)
How much money/assets one acquired and can be used to advantage them in several institutions like education and workplace
- owning a sports car
- pay for tutoring for their child
Social capital (6)
Gender identities (6)
Socially constructed identity an individual takes on, reflecting what sex they believe they belong to
- male (identify with traits stereotypically belonging to a person with XY chromosomes)
- female
Sexuality (6)
Sexuality refers to your sexual preferences. The LGBTQ can represent your sexuality
- can be reinforced through religion (potential punishment and forms of social control to enforce this)
- sexuality can be reinforced through education (heterosexual assumptions at very young age influencing your preferences eg. Such a ladies man/flirt
Masculine identities (6)
Type of gender identity not associated with sex but the belonging/expectations of a particular role that comes with it. Socially constructed and shaped by socialisation of appropriate norms and values
- hegemonic (Oakley)
- new man - Mort (appearance and domestic activities)
Feminine identities (6)
Socially constructed gender identity addicted with biologically determined sex and comes with expectation of taking an expressive role in society
- hegemonic (Ferguson)
- ladettes (assertive, loud and break gender norms)
