Paper 1

Question 1

Sexuality- Weeks

Key source identity

Answer 1

Heterosexual assumptions (not key to their identity)
- dominant sexual code 
- have to announce your sexuality to rebut this presumption (statement of belonging to a certain group) 
- seen as dominant label and the abnormal comparison to hetero 
L: exaggerated importance forces individuals to take it on as key aspect of identity

Question 2

Sexuality- Plummer

Key source identity/changing attitudes

Answer 2

Males have a ‘homosexual career’
- accepted into subcultures where stereotypical homosexual traits become the norm
- band together to support eachother
L: defines which group they belong in

Question 3

Sexuality- McIntosh

Key source identity/changing attitudes

Answer 3

Males adopt a ‘role’ of homosexuality
- behave in a way expected of them
- can be ‘encouraged’
- used to be expected to hide but now encouraged to be themselves in a contemporary diverse society
L: feel they have to fit in with the label

Question 4

Sexuality- McCormack

Changing attitudes

Answer 4

Youth in college don’t view as key to identity
- most college students believe in equal rights
- less homophobia in sixth forms (pro-gay attitudes)
L: treated equally not judged

Question 5

Sexuality- Rich

Not changing attitudes

Answer 5

Women feel pressure to conform to compulsory heterosexuality
- lesbian identity labelled abnormal
- lesbian’s threat to male dominance (rituals like marriage)
L: attitudes have not changed as restricted by tradition and traditional views

Question 6

Disability- Shakespeare

Key source identity

Answer 6

Disabled individuals experiences obstacles to forming a positive identity (lack role models, isolated so can’t form collective identity)
- society reacts with pity and awkwardness which socialises into victim mentality
- used as a reason for failure
L: thinking disability overrides good qualities and so failure inevitable

Question 7

Disability- Gill

Key source identity

Answer 7

Internalise idea of ‘learned helplessness’
- internalise that they are incapable and thus fail to make a change/help themselves
L: changes behaviour due to low self belief

Question 8

Disability- Barnes

Key source identity/attitudes changing/social construction

Answer 8

Negative media portrayals (victims, villains, burden, sexually abnormal, pity
Rarely depicted as normal
L: creates abnormal identity

Question 9

Disability- Murugami

Changing attitude

Answer 9

Can reconstruct their normal and self identity
- accepts impairment and sees it as characteristic but not defining trait
- few people completely able bodied their whole life
L: no longer master label

Question 10

Disability- social model

Changing attitudes/social construction

Answer 10

Social and physical barriers to inclusion
- deny access to those with mobility issues/discriminatory attitudes
- society failing to adapt is the problem
- society increasingly taking into account
L: changing way disabled identity perceived

Question 11

Disability- Ridley

Not changing attitude/social construction

Answer 11

2/3 people feel awkward talking to a disabled person

• able bodied whole lifetime not yet guaranteed
• stigma around label
• don’t get treated like able bodied

Question 12

Disability- medical model

Not changing attitude/not social construction

Answer 12

Disability purely a medical problem

• focuses on limiting biological impairment
• victim blaming mentality where fault put on individual rather than society failing to meet their needs

Question 13

Interactionist- Cohen

Answer 13

Mods and rockers 
Clacton on Sea over reported and so led to larger clash at Brighton 
- individual/group identified/labelled 
- society views as threat to norms 
- media stereotypes 
- targeted by local authorities

Question 14

Interactionist- Goode & Ben Yehuda

Answer 14

Concern- behaviour deemed deviant
Hostility- divide ‘them’ and ‘us’
Consensus- must be widespread acceptance they are threat
Disproportionality- action taken disproportionate
Volatility- tend to disappear as often as they appear

Question 15

Interactionist- Wilkins

Answer 15

Deviancy amplification spiral

• deviant act against values
• problem group identities and make folk devils
• public desire to be kept informed
• publicity glamorises deviant behaviour and more people engage
• develops, pressure on law enforcement, P pass laws
• public feel hear justified and panic reinforced
• media profits and reports deviance

Question 16

Marxist- Miller and Reilly

Answer 16

Form of social control

• MP uses soften up public opinion
• prepares public to accept repressive social controls (laws)
• laws disguised as solutions
• way for r/c to gain control over ideology of the masses

Question 17

Neo-Marx- Hall et al

Answer 17

R/c define what is deviant

• owners of media report based off their own values
• decide who folk devils are
• divide and rule
• keep P divided to they don’t come together and revolt

Question 18

Waiton

Answer 18

Moral panics will decline contemp society

• society no longer has strong central moral code shared by pop
• no morals to threaten
• multicultural/diverse society has range of opposing values and norms

Question 19

Katz & Lazarsfeld- two step flow

Answer 19

People exposed to multiple forms of media and often experts in their field ‘opinion leaders’

• opinion leaders modify and reject media messages
• people who respect them internalise and transmit their interpretations

Question 20

Cultural effects model

Answer 20

Media effects vary based on background and experiences of audience

• drip drip effect (media gradually drops ideologies which eventually shape norms and values)
• prolonged exposure has desensitising effect (compassion fatigue eg. Humanitarian crisis Yemen)

Question 21

Gramsci- Marxist Cultural Effects

Answer 21

Media has powerful ideological influence

• transmit Capitalist values of those who own media
• over long term values shared by most people (hegemony)
• TV shows dumbed down to prevent critical thinking and reinforce false CC

Question 22

Packard- hypodermic syringe model

Answer 22

Media is like a syringe which injects media messages straight into the audience (bullet penetrated audience)
- primarily directed at advertising but can be applied broadly
Eg. QVC channel, teenagers stealing cars copying GTA

Question 23

Bandura

Answer 23

• real, film and cartoon aggression observed and imitated
  Those who observed more likely to show aggression (beating Bobo-doll)
  Eg. James Bulger Child’s play

Question 24

Anderson et al

Answer 24

Effect of violent song lyrics on college students
Eg. Shoot em up cypress hill
- increased feelings hostility and aggression compared to those who listened to humorous lyrics

Question 25

McQuail- uses and gratification model

Answer 25

Audience uses media to satisfy own needs depending on mood/intention

• info (news)
• personal identity (social media)
• social integration )social media)
• entertainment (Netflix)

Question 26

Hall et al- Neo Marx

Answer 26

Audience examines media messages (coding) and then interprets them (decoding)
Dominant reading- what intended by media professionals
Negotiated- mixes original content with additional ideas
Oppositional reading- constructs meaning entirely different to what was intended

Question 27

Klapper- selective filter

Answer 27

Media used to reinforce already held beliefs (have to pass filters to have any effect)

• selective exposure (audience chooses what to view or they can’t have any effect)
• selective perception (choose to accept/reject/ignore messages)
• selective retention (must stick in their mind & research shows people only remember things they broadly agree with)