Globalisation Flashcards
Hard to define/cultural homogenisation is not occurring- Giddens
Suggests instead of simply Westernisation, it’s more complex than that- it’s a two way sharing of cultures. It is the reason of local cultures being appreciated.
Eg. Reverse Colonialism- non-Western societies are not colonising the way things are done in Western societies Latinisation- Americans in LA taking on Latin cultural practices
Hard to define- Spyby
Globalisation may have started as Westernisation, but now non-Western societies are an integral part of the process
It is the exchange of practices between multiple locations in the world.
Eg. Japan first adapted Ford’s assembly line then Japanese innovations to this (Post-Fordism) strategies now adopted in US
Easy to define/cultural homogenisation is occcuring- Friedman
Globalisation is what society thought it was and is simple- Americanisation.
Globalisation has an American face- it is American brands expanding globally
Eg. McDonalds, Apple found in most countries and Western companies are more dominant over the East
Easy to define/ cultural homogenisation is occurring- Fukyama
Direction of Globalisation is Western capitalist liberal democracies.
Countries have questioned democratic Liberalism but have found it to be most durable.
Globalisation is westernisation of politics
Does not lead to increase of digital forms- ourworldindata.org
Inequality in globalisation of the digital world.
92% UK access to internet
3.8% Democratic of Congo
Can’t really claim Globalisation has a direct relationship with digital forms as there is still a digital divide in third world countries so it’s still a Western thing
Has a positive impact on digital forms- McLuhan
Predicted a global village would form- everybody lives in the utmost proximity created by electric involvement in each other’s lives (reduces the entire world to dimensions of a village- communication instantaneous)
- phones, tablets and extension of media platforms such as news online
Helps to maintain friendships across the globe
Globalisation has negative impact on digital forms- Boelstorff
Globalisation allows people around the world to be connected through virtual communities
Second life- identity can be changed through avatars, lack of regulation on online behaviour, inappropriate behaviour reported to police for ‘rapes’ etc tricky to monitor and can encourage anti social behaviour without repercussions
Globalisation has positive impact on digital communication- Castells
If Globalisation embraced, digital forms can enhance productivity and economic activity through networking
Information Age- not in Industrial Age anymore focused on coal, gas, we have access to information and society is focused on this
Linkdn- can access employees/employers and network socially (multiple forms) to get jobs
Websites such as indeed
- gain social capital
Globalisation has positive impact on digital forms- Carter
Increase in digital forms has led to online communities which allow for world wide relations.
Cyber City- people make as much effort online as they would in person. Found they would continue relationships offline
Negative age inequality- Garside
Introduction of broadband leaves out older generation
Generational differences in use of digital communication
Digital natives- young people brought up on the internet and can easily access
Older generation not as capable and do not identify with this generation
Negative age inequality- Berry
Older gen have lack of skills/interest which stop them from accessing internet
- psychological barriers
Positive age equality- Berry
Websites have been specifically designed for older audiences- they are included in the digital world
Eg. mealsonwheels (delivered to those unable to prepare), silver surfers (dating site), fabover50s (fashion)
Negative age inequality- Palmer
Younger people suffer due to parenting with technology
Insufficient parenting techniques such as relying on technology to occupy their children leads to younger people struggling with face to face socialising
‘Toxic parenting’
Negative age inequality- Postman
Children on the internet can be exposed to adult content
Eg. Porn, violence
Positive effect identity age- Garside
Younger generation are proficient in technology
- skilled and capable for work in new technological world
- ‘digital natives’
Positive effects age- Shaw & Gant
Digital communication can relieve loneliness especially for older gen.
eg. Covid can allow for communication, good for mental health of older and younger
Negative inequality class- Mertens & D’Haenens
Access to and use of technology varied among different social classes leaving lower classes disadvantaged
Digital divide in Brussels
M/c used more for gaining further knowledge whereas W/c for entertainment
Social class had bigger impact than other factors such as gender
Negative inequality class- Helsper
Digital divide in poorer homes
Parents less able to help than m/c and leaves them with less skills preparing for workplace/education
Negative inequality class- Boyle
Media convergence- interlinking of social media profiles promoted ruling class ideology Values profit, private ownership, material objects
Negative inequality- Li & Kirkup
Men in China and UK felt more self confidence in computer skills than women and men more likely to express accessing computers is a male skill
Men played more computer games- exclusion
Negative gender inequality- Arlaccki
Digital communication helps reproduce patriarchy through sex exploitation
Eg. Easier to communicate across the world to organise child brides going to home countries etc
Manosphere (collection of male websites promoting misogyny) transfers sexist views and encouraged young boys to share fantasies of rape and murder of women
Eg. Incels
Positive gender- Harraway
Women should be a part of technological advances
Should not be reduced to hegemonic roles
Cyborgs (part-machine part-human) may provide empowerment for women
Negative locality- internet world stats.com
Internet users
Africa: 47%
North America: 90.3%
Some localities miss out on developing social connections (Cyber city- Carter) or job opportunities (Linkdin- Castells)
Positive effects on relationships- Granovetter
Weak ties as important as strong ties
Acquaintances may lead to further increasing social networks and job opportunities
Social media may help with keeping weak ties
Positive impact on relationships- Zhao
Internet activities that help people connect are far more beneficial than individual activities like surfing the internet
Eg. Email, social media
Can use internet to strengthen relationship and further communication
Positive impact on relationships- Kraut
Critiqued research showing negative impact on people’s relationships
Internet plays a key role in maintaining relationships as communication is made easier in busy times and can allow easy ways to develop new social ties
Negative impact on relationships- Turkle
Digital communication is coming between people more than tying us together
We are all ‘alone together’
Eg. Phone at family gatherings and during lessons
Goldilocks effect
Negative impact on relationships- Miller
Can ‘make or break’ relationships
Negative impact on relationships- Palmer
Digital communication led to a lack of good parenting
Affects child’s relationship with parents as they aren’t taught to respect them/ don’t have stronger relationship
Toxic parenting- using tech to occupy children
Feminist- inequality- The Centre for Social Justice
Study examined the nature and extent of slavery in the UK
UK nationals and others exploited in sex industry through forced labour, domestic servitude, and forced criminal activity
Globalisation makes crossing borders much easier to exploit immigrants
Feminist- inequality- Hughes
Digital communication assists reproduction of patriarchy through sex exploitation
Eg. Child brides and Sex Tourism (people visit parts of the world where sex can be bought with little risk for punishment)
Digital communication makes info about where to find prostitutes easier to access and easier to communicate with other countries to ship over child brides etc
Feminist- inequality- Arlaccki
Organised exploitation is a consequence of globalisation and countries do not prioritise dealing with this
Eg. 192 arrests of suspicion of online child exploitation in a year
Dark Web allows easier access to indecent images of women/children to be bought
Leads to commodification of women
Feminist- fighting inequality- Haraway
Women should be a part of developing technological advances and discusses the image of cyborgs and how this can be utilised to empower women through changing identities instead of conforming to patriarchal ideals
Feminist- fighting inequality- Nakuamara
Digital global world is being used increasingly more by women from a range of different ethnic backgrounds
Social media can be used by women as a forum of support when they face discrimination
Eg. Everyday Sexism project
Feminist- fighting inequality- Cochrane
Range of ways digital media has been used by feminist to challenge sexist attitudes
Larasi- started a campaign to address sexism in music videos- students campaigned for ban of blurred lines being played at university campuses
Marxist- Garside
Average adult spends more time on social media than they do sleeping each day and digital communication is used to entertain This keeps P distracted and in a false class consciousness where they are not aware of their exploitation
Marxist- Curran
There are a lot more conservative newspaper owners which directly manipulate media content to reflect interests of wealthy owners Politicians try and get on good side of media moguls as they have a lot of control through the media Owners use media to transmit ruling class ideology
Marxist- The Snowdon Report
Found US and British Gov could listen to personal conversations through digital technology for ‘national security’
This can be seen as a misuse of trust and a way to gather information to further exploit us and our interests to gain more money
Postmodern- positive - Bjorkland
Individuals used to write autobiographies to express identity/story of themselves whereas now apps like Facebook are an ongoing autobiography where we can choose how we present ourselves
Postmodern- positive- Hart
People create both online and offline identities now which show values they deem important
These online identities are not superficial but are showing the best version of themselves
Eg. Presenting feminist quotes which build up your identity as a feminist and show valuing equality
Postmodern- positive - Foucault
Digital surveillance can be used to protect the public from crime and anti social behaviour through regulating platforms
Eg. Google Ads personalise adverts to your liking
Can look at search history to find things people have been buying
Postmodern- negative- Case
Digital mistakes have permanence which is hard to overcome
Even when ‘deleted’ data can still be stored which can cause disputes
Eg. Jack Maynard homophobic tweets
Postmodern- negative- Elliot
Critiques how identity can be fragmented online
Can be harmful or even fraudulent as identity shown online can be very different to reality
Eg. Catfishing
Postmodern- negative- Miller
‘Global Social Media Impact Study’
Reports used and consequences of social media
- different genres of selfies (unrealistic standards of beauty)
- Chinese men used hairstyles that added height
Cultural homogenisation not occurring/religious fundamentalism/negative on conflict and change - Lesaca
Isis fight liberal views becoming accepted world wide by using audiovisual communication to transfer radical traditional ideology and threats via videos
14 days before Paris terrorise attack ISIS released video encouraging French to join their group
Cultural homogenisation not occurring/religious fundamentalism/ negative on conflict and change - Howard/America’s Hate Preachers
Study ‘digital Jesus’ found a virtual church was built around people who had similar religious views
Eg. America’s hate preachers docu showed extreme Christian views and preachers being live-streamed, used phone calls to organise megaphones to preach and used Twitter to spread ideology
Dealing with disasters/ positive on conflict & change - Sutton, Palen and Shlkovski
Digital communication can help deal with natural disasters
Carried out research during California wildfires where they met used social media to post missing people, give safety advice, offer shelter
Dealing with disasters positive- Kirkpatrick
‘Facebook effect’ Facebook revolutionised the way the world uses the internet- it is now used for social change on a global scale
Takes instrumental part in political protests- communication, information on human rights, suppressed groups can be heard, biased news challenged
Cultural homogenisation is occurring/positive effects on conflict and change- Ghonim
Due to websites such as ‘Areeba Areeba’ Middle Eastern Countries such as Egypt could be heard globally and make others aware of their political problems
They’re now exposed to Western politics which causes protests
Digital communication has positive effect on conflict and change
Ghonim
Sutton, Palen & Shklovski
Kirkpatrick
Digital communication has negative effect on conflict and change
Lesaca
Howard/BBC doc America’s hate preachers
Cultural homogenisation is occurring
Freidman
Ghonim
Fukyama
FairWhether & Rogerson
Cultural homogenisation is not occurring
Lesaca
Giddens
Howard
