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Media Flashcards

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1
Q

Traditional

Nationality- Vir, Hall & Foye

A

BBC had southern English bias and more interested in pleasing English viewers
Scottish feel underrepresented and when they are included they are portrayed negatively
Scottish:
Abusive drunk
Welsh reality TV exploitatuve in their portrayal
Eg. Making money off ‘the Valleys’

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2
Q

Traditional

Nationality- Mulhern

A

Irish stereotypes

  1. Homesick drinking Guinness while listening to ballads in London
  2. Too successful to be homesick Skyping family at home
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3
Q

Traditional

Nationality- Graham

A

Tokenism forcing other nationals into programmes & negative stereotyping when they are included
Eg. Gavin & Stacey Welsh as ‘thick’

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4
Q

Traditional - Van Dijk

A

5 stereotypes black people represented as:
Criminal- description ‘black’ used in a way white isn’t, leads to folk devils
Abnormal- cultural practices portrayed as abnormal and blanket terms used for these ‘Asian culture’
A threat- tabloids represent immigrants and asylum seekers to be taking jobs
Unimportant- less developed countries just seen as inferior, ignored
Dependant- white savours eg. Comic relief

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5
Q

Traditional- Husband and Hartmann

A

Represented as “foreigners” or “inferior” seen as ‘the other’
emphasises racial conflict and negative stereotypes

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6
Q

Traditional- Children now- fair play survey

A

Stereotyping within video games:

  • 86% heroes are white
  • 86% black female characters victims of violence
  • 8/10 black characters were competitors in sports games
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7
Q

Changing- Malik

A
  • TV shows increasingly more inclusive
  • Channel 4 research found majority of white British people found broadcasters were reflecting multicultural Britain to a satisfactory level
    Eg. Sex Ed inclusive
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8
Q

Changing - Barker

A
  • range of black and Asian characters with meaningful story lines which fairly depicts demographic of London
    Example: Masood familt eastenders
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9
Q

Traditional- Hall

A

Black people represented as ‘natives’ ‘entertainers’ and ‘slaves’
- shifted from overt to inferential
Unconscious act and refers to presumptions made about a race which hold racist assumptions
- goes by without awareness or questioning of them
- Depicted “through the white eye”
Eg. Black/Asian culture depicted for entertainment creates racist attitudes

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10
Q

Traditional- Moghissi

A

Generalisations made on Muslims ignored huge range of differences in beliefs and culture since moral panic arising 9/11
Since then, media coverage on Muslims was overwhelmingly negative and Islamaphobic
Eg. Religion/ethnicity always mentioned in headlines for asian terrorists

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11
Q

Nayak- hybrid

A

White wannabes- youths adopt black culture
In this hybrid ethnic identity they listen to hip hop, gangster rap and use this language. They wear ‘bling’ and dress in a style associated with black males
Eg. White youth listening Tupac

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12
Q

Gill- hybrid

A

Blasian- Asian youth adopting black culture (Jay Sean)

Brasians- Asian youth who adopt white British laddish culture eg. Footballers, Zain Malik

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13
Q

Traditional- Billington M&F

A

Women presented in media texts as subordinate/housewives/damsel in distress
Men presented as dominant so leaders/strong
Eg. Cinderella & Prince Charming

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14
Q

Milestone and Meyer

A

Gender differences focused on perpetuate inequalities

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15
Q

Traditional- Gauntlett M&F

A

Male leads were resourceful and clever
Female leads were love interests and helpers- heavy importance on appearance
Eg. Female leads often romcom

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16
Q

Changing- Gauntlett M&F

A

Contemporary Hollywood portraying the more sensitive side of males and female characters have become tougher
Females increasingly tougher and lead roles
Eg. Charlie’s Angels

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17
Q

Traditional- Eaasthorpe (male)

A

Video games transmit view masculinity is based on biological strength, aggression and competition and therefore this is a natural goal for boys to achieve
Eg. COD

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18
Q

Traditional- Tunstall (female)

A

Women emphasise domestic, sexual, marital and ignore most women in UK work
Men seldom presented nude or defined by marital/family status
Eg. Megan Fox sexualised transformers

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19
Q

Traditional- Tuchman (female)

A

Women experience symbolic annihilation- mass media condemn certain groups that are not socially valued
Women’s achievements not reported
Eg. Underrepresented womens sport in media

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20
Q

Traditional- Ferguson (female)

A

Cult of femininity in womens mags- value from family, appearance

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21
Q

Traditional- Glascock M&F

A

Aggression in the media was presented physically for males and verbally for women (comedies)
Geordie shore

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22
Q

Changing- Mort/Nixon (male)

A

Importance of laundrette advert shows ‘new man’ to care about their appearance and show men can be sexualised/donestic
Marked change in male consumption- men spending more money on appearance
Eg. Laudrette advert

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23
Q

Changing- Whannel (male)

A 
Showed David Beckham having contradictory presentation 
- ‘real man’ competitive football 
- emotional commitment to family 
- focus on looks 
Metrosexuality 
Eg. Wearing skirt
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24
Q

Changing- Westwood (female)

A

Transgressive female roles on TV (breaking hegemonic restraints) being sexually promiscuous, assertive
Eg. Katniss Everdeen

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25
Q

Changing- Gill (female)

A

Shift from male gaze in advertising to independent and sexually powerful women in advertising
Eg. ‘This girl can’ advertisement

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26
Q

Traditional- Nairn (upper)

A

Since WW2 royal family work with media to reinvent royal family as ‘like us but not like us’ relatable but untouchable
Day to day portrayal of them lets us identify with them

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27
Q

Marxists

A

Representations of the middle class lead lower into false class consciousness where deceived into believing working hard is cause of success in middle class and not uneven opportunity

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28
Q

Traditional- Saunders (middle)

A 
Middle class targeted in advertisement as they focus their identity on conspicuous consumption 
Eg. Mums buying needlessly to impress
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29
Q

Traditional- Mertens and D’Haenens (middle)

A 
Middle class use tech for expanding knowledge 
Working class use for entertainment 
Digital divide 
Eg. Middle class use netlfix less and internet more
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30
Q

Changing- Leech (middle)

A

Middle class family presented as ideal ‘cereal packet family’ in advertising

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31
Q

Traditional- Newman (working class)

A 
Few TV accurate representations of working class
Stereotyped and labelled in pitying, unflattering light
News focus on stories which label them as a problem so youth linked to moral panic

Working class youth linked to moral panics

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32
Q

Traditional- Devereux (working class)

A

Woking class presented two ways:
- happy and deserving
- on welfare benefits
Eg. The Royle Family (happy)

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33
Q

Traditional- Baumberg et al (underclass)

A 
Disproportionate focus on benefit fraud 
Estimate 0.7% are actually fraudulent 
Common language used: 
- dishonesty, faking 
- dependency
- lazy, scrounger
Presented as undeserving
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34
Q

Traditional- Golding and Middleton (underclass)

A 
Underclass welfare issues not discussed unless related to crime, fraud or sex 
Led to unjust cuts and demonisation
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35
Q

Traditional- Hall (underclass)

A

Benefit street encode particular values which are passively accepted
Instead can decode the representations to their own experiences and political idealogiies

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36
Q

Changing- Nairn (upper)

A

Upper class representation become less positive
Lots of criticism and scandal
Eg. Prince Andrew abuse and royal racism

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37
Q

Changing- Reiner (upper)

A

Wealthy people used to show examples of meritocracy and hard work
Audiences encouraged to identify with consumption and materialism in the lifestyle of the wealthy

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38
Q

Changing- Giddens (upper)

A

3 types of upper class

  • traditional (royal fam) ascribed
  • jet set pop aritocracy (achieved) eg. Mabel
  • entrepreneurial super rich (achieved) eg. Mark Zuckerberg
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39
Q

Changing- Dodd & Dodd (working class)

A 
Outdated view of traditional working class but introduced realism with serious issues like abuse, crime, abortion, suicide
Eg. Eastenders
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40
Q

Changing- Price (underclass)

A 
Poverty porn- exploit underclass to shock and entertain audiences 
Encourages hard working middle and upper classes to condemn them 
Does have narratives which paint them as victims of unfair society but often this empathetic view is missed by viewers
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41
Q

Traditional- Heintz-Knowles (youth/children)

A
  • children motivated by peers and relationships, not school
  • majority engage in anti social activity leading to positive outcome
  • ethnic minority children under represented
  • girls twice as likely to show affection boys more likely to show aggression to achieve their goals
    Based on an adult perception of children which stereotypes
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42
Q

Traditional- Griffin (youth)

A

Youth represented in 3 ways
- deviant (norm breaking)
- dysfunctional (not able to deal with issues, flawed and incompetent)
- suffering a deficit (feelings of injustice)
Eg. Tracey Beaker, skins

43
Q

Traditional- Wayne (youth)

A

When youth are the subject of news stories
- 28% young celebrities like footballers
- 82% victims or perpetrators of crime
- 90% of those being violent crimes
Ignored issues like housing, unemployment, parental abuse, politics which were about them but did not ask them for interviews

44
Q

Traditional- Women in journalism (youth)

A

How teenage boys presented in newspapers
1. Negative language “Thugs” “monsters” “scum” “menace” “heartless” “sick”
2. More stories about teens and crime than any other topic
Eg. Headline heartless teenage boys steal old woman’s bag

45
Q

Traditional- Kelly (youth)

A

Youth in media described 3 ways

  1. Dangerous
  2. In need of protection
  3. Immature
46
Q

Traditional- Cohen (youth)

A

Mods and rockers made into labelled and made into folk devil, self fulfilling prophecy takes place - creating moral panic
Eg. Asian youth in gangs moral panic

47
Q

Traditional- Age concern (elderly)

A

Identified 3 ways elderly presented as

  • burden
  • mentally challenged
  • grumpy
48
Q

Traditional- Landis (elderly)

A 
One dimensional stereotypes of elderly 
- grumpy old man
- feisty old woman
- depressed or lonely 
- mentally deficient
Eg. Madagascar feisty old woman
49
Q

Traditional- Cuddy & Fiske (elderly)

A

US 1.5% TV characters elderly, used for comedy, portrayed as sexually and mentally incapable

50
Q

Traditional- Milner et al (elderly)

A

Unbalanced presentation of elderly, ignored positives such as active ageing

51
Q

Changing- Postman (youth/children)

A

Children now sexualised and idea of childhood is disappearing as children become more involved with the media
- share same music, sports, language etc as adults
media leads to children being exposed to adult content eg. Porn and violence
Eg. Children wear makeup

52
Q

Changing- Osgerby (youth)

A

Used to focus on youth as trouble
Now presenting as ‘mirror the spirit of the times’
Fighting for changes of norms and cultural developments could be seen as deviant like in 70s and 80s but now appreciate

53
Q

Changing- Lee et al (elderly)

A

Elderly underrepresented (15% advertisements) but 90% of these positive
Viewed as
- golden agers
- healthy
- active lifestyles
Older men associated with high status, older women more associated with family and poverty

54
Q

Changing- Sontag (elderly)

A

Double standard of ageing
Men can age yet women have to stay looking young
Eg. Anti ageing cream adverts for women

55
Q

Changing- Biggs (elderly)

A

Contrasting findings on elderly

  • more representation in soap operas
  • negative portrayals in sit coms
  • represented as more active
56
Q

Changing- Carrigan & Szmigin (elderly)

A

Older now targetted for advertisement due to “grey pound” concept
Led to increase in positive ageing portrayals

57
Q

Marxist- Milliband

A

Media creates false class consciousness amongst working class

  • media creates false picture of reality that presents capitalism positively
  • inequalities represented as inevitable
  • therefore P accepts injustice
  • media “the new opium of the people” and has replaced religion
  • media numbs senses and brings attention away from exploitation
58
Q

Marxism- Bagdikian

A

1983, 50 corporations controlled majority of US news

By 2004 media ownership concentrated 7 corporations

59
Q

Marxism- Curran

A

A lot more conservatist supporting papers- supporting their owners
Politicians will organise deals with media owners

60
Q

Marxism- Doyle

A

Examination of ownership and control patterns are important as

  • all points of view need to be heard if society is truly democratic
  • abuses of power and influenced by elites needs to be monitored by a free media
61
Q

Neo- Marxist: The Sutton Trust

A 
broadcasters & journalists white, middle class, male and over 50% attended private schools 
Critical of this over representation (7% UK population attend private schools) 
Unconsciously promote ruling class norms due to their own backgrounds
62
Q

Neo- Marxism: Gilroy

A

1970s black crime force of political resistance against racist capitalist state but they used this to create folk devils out of them

63
Q

Neo-Marxism: Hall

A

Black people portrayed as natives, entertainers and slaves

64
Q

Neo-Marxist: Glasgow Media Group

A

Working class, immigrants, etc

  • exaggerating numbers of immigrants
  • burden on welfare and job market (exaggerating perceived burden)
  • presents need for immigration control for the economy
65
Q

Pluralism- Whale

A

Audiences recognise stereotypes and manipulation and if they felt unfair representation they would stop consuming

66
Q

Pluralism- Williams

A

Journalists crucial in democratic society as they provide political info
Media does have significant role in presenting groups
Free press vital as need unbiased information
News that used to support conservative now to criticise when needed

67
Q

Pluralism- Curran & Gurevitch

A

Audiences able of conforming, accepting or rejecting these media messages

68
Q

Liberal feminism- Mulvey

A

‘Male gaze’

Female characters sexualised and portrayed in a way that pleases the heterosexual male

69
Q

Liberal feminism- Lauzen

A

16% directors, executive producers, producers, writers, cinematographers and editors are women

70
Q

Radical feminism- Tunstall

A

Media emphasised sexualised, domestic, marital values of females and ignore majority of British women work
Men hardly ever presented nude or defined by family status

71
Q

Radical feminism- Tuchman

A

Women have narrow roles in media which leads to their symbolic annihilation
Not socially valued in the media and represented as passive

72
Q

Radical feminism- Wolf

A

Socialised to buy into the beauty myth
Ideas of what men deem attractive are pushed onto women and which distracts women from seeking to improve position in society (false consciousness)

73
Q

Marxist feminist- Beechey

A

Women are reserve army of labour- available to work when capitalism needs additional workers
Media encourages women to stay at home and take care of husbands

74
Q

Recent feminism

A

Whelehan
Men’s magazines promote laddish culture where women are objectified and changed in gender roles can be dismissed as an ironic joke
McRobbie
Western version of femininity is promoted as ideal so magazines focus on love, beauty, fashion

75
Q

Postmodernism- McLuhan

A

Globalisation- the global village has been created as media allows media messages to track the world instantaneously
This leads to hybrid identities

76
Q

Postmodernism- strinati

A

Media saturated society
Contemporary society use media daily and so this has a big impact in shaping identity
No longer set boundaries between different groups, diversity and sharing aspects of different cultures has led to ‘erosion of identity’

77
Q

Postmodernism- Baudrillard

A

Society so englulfed in media that we can’t tell what’s reality anymore- led to state of hyper reality
Physical blended with virtual reality
So much information to be spread that media has to simplify it and society takes this diluted version

78
Q

Postmodernism- Turkle

A

‘Alone together’ instead of connecting we are losing each other and not being present in the moment
Poses risk to relationships and identities

79
Q

Postmodernism- Watson

A

We create ideal version of ourselves which does not match reality creating a distorted sense of self
No longer interested in building relationships- decline in sense of community

80
Q

Packard direct effects

A

Hypodermic syringe model/magic bullet theory
Media is like a syringe which directly injects messages into audiences (most advertising but can be applied to other medias)
Audience passively accepts

81
Q

Newson direct effects

A

Children’s exposure to violence through media has a desensitising effect- causing them to become more violent (see violence as a norm/way to solve issues)
Violent effects more subtle and gradual in media and cause viewers to identify with them

Led to increased censorship eg age certificates and watershed

82
Q

Bandura- direct effects

A

Bobo doll experiment showed children imitating exact aggressive behaviour shown on TV
If not shown violence they did not

83
Q

Anderson et al- direct effects

A

Direct effects between listening to violent song lyrics and feelings of aggression and hostility compared to humorous lyrics
Song ‘shoot em up’

84
Q

Fesbach & Singer- positive direct effects

A

On screen violence can provide a safe outlet for agression- catharsis (emotional release)

85
Q

Young- positive indirect effects

A
  1. Violence in media can trigger empathy and make us aware of consequences to victim’s families
  2. Desensitising effect
86
Q

Katz & Lazarsfeld- indirect effects- two step flow

A

Everyone knows people they hold as ‘opinion leaders’ often people who are exposed to multiple forms of media and they modify or reject these media messages- from their own knowledge
People who respect these opinion leaders internalise and transmit forward these media messages
Therefore audience is active

87
Q

Indirect effects- cultural effects/drip drip effect

A

How the media will effect based on prior experience/background
Gradually dripping ideologues through media which eventually change norms and values ‘drip drip effect’
Prolonged exposure to media messages can lead to compassion fatigue
Eg. News stories on wars or crisis such as Yemen

88
Q

Gramsci- Indirect effects- Marxist cultural effects

A

Media is a powerful ideological influence which focuses on transmitting Capitalist values of those who own media
Media has important role of gaining consent to these ideas
Over long term these values are unconsciously shared by most people (hegemony)
“Happiness is about possession and money”
“Being a celebrity is really important”
Yh shows dumbed down to keep false CC, decline in informative programs which may cause audiences to think critically

89
Q

Marxist drip drip effects

A

Media has been deliberately dumbed down to stop us educating ourselves so remain uncritical (false consciousness)

90
Q

Zillman Active audience- uses and gratifications model

A

Mood may influence media choice
Eg. If stressed may indulge in relaxing media
- audience active agent
- audience uses to satisfy own needs

91
Q

McQuail- active audience- uses and gratification

A 
Audience uses to satisfy own needs 
4 reasons for using media: 
1. Information (news) 
2. Personal identity (social media)
3. Social integration (social media) 
4. Entertainment (Netflix)
92
Q

Hall (Neo-marxist) active audience

A

Coding- media messages produced that support power structure of society
Decoding- audiences can understand and decode messages in ways that reflect social backgrounds/ideas
Dominant reading- interpret how producers of content want
Negotiated- interpret partially how producers intended
Oppositional- interpret opposite to intended meaning

93
Q

Klapper- active audience- selective filter model

A

Media used to reinforce already held beliefs
Has to pass these to have any effect
1. Selective exposure- audience chooses to read/view specific media
2. Selective perception- choose to accept or reject media message
3. Selective retention- messages have to stick in their mind but research shows people remember things they agree with
Eg. Smoker may reject anti smoking message

94
Q

Traditional- Malik

A

Tokenism from broadcasters and lack of Asian/Black people in power in media companies leads to no contemporaty reprrsentation
Eg. Lucas Sinclair stanger things tokenism

95
Q

Traditional- Barker

A

Asian and Black characters still stereotyped key vharacters often white british
Eg. Shop keepers and doctors

96
Q

Changing- Easthorpe (male)

A

Glossy mags aimed at men
Based on appearance, active fatherhood etc
Eg. GQ

97
Q

Changing- Heintz knowles (children)

A

More realistic portrayal from children POV

Eg. Secret life of 4 y/o

98
Q

Traditional- Jones (working class)

A

From salt of the earth to scum of the earth
‘Chavtainment’
Slothful and aggressive portrayal
Eg. Jeremy Kyle

99
Q

Traditional- Billington (M&F)

A 
Women subordinate (housewives, damsel in distress) 
Men dominant (strong,leaders)
Eg. Cinderella
100
Q

Deviancy Amplification Spiral (Wilkins)

A
  • deviant act committed
  • problem group identified & made folks devils & exaggerated
  • public desire to keep informed results in higher audiences
  • publicity glamourises deviancy and so more people do it
  • public concern (moral panic) and demand for action
  • public fear justified by law enforcement, politicians etc
  • media profits from cycle and report deviancy again
101
Q

Deviancy amplification (Cohen)

A 
Mods and Rockers labelled negatively after small altercation at Claxton-On-Sea 
Led to big fight at Brighton 
More examples they refer to: 
- James Bulger Case
- Welfare cheats and single mothers 
- refugees and asylum seekers
102
Q

Deviancy amplification (Goode & Ben Yehuda)

A

5 features of moral panic

  1. Concern
  2. Hostility
  3. Consensus
  4. Disproportionality
  5. Volatility
103
Q

Deviancy amplification (Furedi)

A

Moral panics arise when society fails to adapt to dramatic social change
The older generation hold concerns about society and believe the media is to blame for loss of traditional norms and values

Sociology (20 decks)

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