Gender Identity Flashcards
Instrumental role (Parsons
Male role within the family “breadwinner” and “protector”
Expressive role (Parsons)
Childbearing and nurturing female role within the home
How does the family encourage gender identity (agent of socialisation)
Men expected to be breadwinner
Women expected to cook and clean
Motherhood seen as main part of female identity
Gendered toys
How does religion encourage formation of gender identities (agents of socialisation)
Having children seen as main purpose of women
Women seen more as possession “I promise to obey you”
How the media encourages formation of gender identities (agents of socialisation)
Men can be shamed for posting selfie’s or focusing on appearance
Women have supporting roles in movies, men have lead
Women ‘damsel in distress’ male ‘hero’
How the workplace encourages gender identities (agents of socialisation)
Gender pay gap
Men more likely to be promoted to higher positions
Children view doctors, police, mechanics as male jobs that women can’t do
How your peers encourage gender identities (agents of socialisation)
Male only or female only friendship groups
Sexual double standards
Sexist jokes
How education encourages gender identities (agents of socialisation)
Girls uniform (skirts) boys (trousers)
Books
Bad behaved girls viewed as annoying or problematic, whereas boys bad behaviour can be laughed off and viewed as ‘loveable rogue’
Anne Oakley 4 main ways primary socialisation develops gender identity
Manipulation
Canalisation
Verbal appellations
Domestic activities
Anne Oakley concept of manipulation within the home
Encouraging or discouraging gender appropriate behaviour
- manners (female)
- loudness strict on females
- business/maths subjects and careers
- English/art subjects or careers
- sports (male)
Anne Oakley concept of Canalisation within the home
Directing children to gender specific toys
Girls:
Dolls, babies, prams, pink, fluffy/soft
Boys:
Robots, action figures, blue, dragons, cars, trains, planes, DIY
Anne Oakley concept of verbal appellations within the home
Stereotypical feminine and masculine descriptions Boys: Lad, mate, bro, son, handsome, big boy Girls: Love, darling, sweat pea, little girl
Anne Oakley concept of domestic activities within the home
Creates cultural expectations of future responsibilities
Girls:
Dishwasher, ironing, cleaning, hoovering
Boys:
Bins, DIY, plumbing&electrics
McRobbie femininity
Bedroom culture- young girls are more private and stay in their rooms
Culture of femininity- friendship between girls and having a bestfriend. String emphasis on fashion and makeup. Idolisation of male pop stars
This is why there’s a lack of research into women in subcultures
Parsons- hegemonic identity- family
Females have expressive role in the family based on natural child bearing role
Males have instrumental role: that of bread winner and protector
Oakley- hegemonic identity- family
Family uses different ways to socialise into hegemonic roles
Manipulation- encouraging or discouraging gender appropriate behaviour
Canalisation- directing kids to gender specific toys
Verbal appellation- stereotypical language/ descriptions
Domestic activities- creates cultural expectations of future responsibilities
Ferguson- hegemonic identity- media
Analysis of women’s mags
Cult of femininity
Value is through family, marriage& appearance
Skelton- hegemonic identity- education
Hidden curriculum transmits gender roles eg. Uniform
Socialises into gender appropriate subjects eg. Textbook pictures
Willis- hegemonic- workplace
Males see blue collar jobs and being breadwinner as key source of identity
Nixon/Mort- new man- media
Laundrette advert: Sexualises males (seen as desirable) Domestic (laundry) Styled hair (Care in appearance) Care in hygiene Men can be seen as fashion icons *complicit masculinity
Jackson- new ladette- media/peers
*assertive femininity:
Binge drinking, boisterous, aggressive, swearing, open about sex
- this is demonised in the media and deemed ‘unattractive’ creates stereotype
McRobbie’s bedroom culture declining
Male lads in school seen as loveable rogue when misbehaving whereas females are treated as annoying and problematic
Leads to peer pressure to be hegemonic
Weeks- sexuality- peers
Heterosexual assumptions
Having to ‘come out’ makes it abnormal
Forcing labels/stereotypes
Seen as dominant label
McCormack- sexuality- education
Less homophobia in sixth forms
Believe in equal rights
Seen as a smaller part of identity
