Social Psychology

Question 1

__________ examines how other persons (actual, imagined, or implied presence) influence our thoughts, feelings and actions.

Answer 1

Social Psychology

Question 2

______ include attitudes and attributions

Answer 2

Thoughts

Question 3

______ include attraction and dislike

Answer 3

Feelings

Question 4

______ include social influence (conformity, obedience, compliance), aggression, and altruism

Answer 4

Actions

Question 5

______ are statements that explain why people are related to their internal character

Answer 5

Attributions

Question 6

What are dispositional attributions?

Answer 6

The actions of a person are related to their internal character. (“He hit me because he is a mean person”)

Attributing personality to a person’s actions without context

Question 7

What are situational attributions?

Answer 7

The actions of a person are related to the external characteristics of their situation. (“He robbed the bank to save his family”)

Question 8

What are 2 attributional errors?

Answer 8

1- Fundamental Attribution Error

2- Self-serving bias

Question 9

The occurrence of the judgement of others’ behaviours due to dispositional factors (overemphasis on internal factors and underestimation of external factors when explaining behaviour) defines:

Answer 9

Fundamental Attribution Error (FAE)

underestimating context

Question 10

The tendency to take undue credit for positive outcomes and attribute negative outcomes to external causes to maintain our self-esteem defines:

Answer 10

Self-serving bias

excusing behaviour in reason of factors beyond our control

Question 11

Factors influencing attraction (PMSPR)

Answer 11

• Proximity or geographic closeness
• Mere-exposure effect
• Similarity
• Physical attractiveness (*** Matching hypothesis, Gofman)
• Reciprocity or reciprocal liking

Question 12

_______ occurs when people yield to real or imagined social pressure.

Answer 12

Conformity

Question 13

What is the name of the experiment when the psychologist Asch drew lines and asked a group (1 test subject + 20 actors) which line is longest/shortest and observes the answer of the subject depending on the actors’ answers?

Answer 13

Asch’s “line studies” → Asch’s Conformity Experiment

Question 14

Examples of conformity in action:

Answer 14

Fashion, Architecture, Names, FADS (trends)

Question 15

What is Normative Social Influence?

Answer 15

Conforming to the norms of society to be seen as “normal” → wanting acceptance

Question 16

What is Informational Social Influence?

Answer 16

Need direction/information

Question 17

Social pressure can _____ or ______

Answer 17

real; imagined

Question 18

What is the Reference Group phenomenon?

Answer 18

Wanting to be like a group

Question 19

What factors affect conformity (MAHUNOC)?

Answer 19

• Made to feel incompetent
• At least 3 people
• High-Status Group
• Unanimity (1 person with a different opinion can divide opinions)
• No prior commitment
• Our behaviour is in the open
• Cultural effects

Question 20

Describe Zimbardo’s prison study

Answer 20

Undergraduate volunteers played the roles of both guards and prisoners living in a mock prison in the basement of the Stanford psychology building. Prisoners and guards rapidly adapted to their roles and went beyond the boundaries of what had been predicted (led to dangerous and psychologically damaging situations) → 1/3 of the guards exhibited “genuine” sadistic tendencies and prisoners were emotionally traumatized, so the experiment lasted less than its supposed given time

Question 21

Describe Milgram’s study

Answer 21

Subjects were asked to deliver different voltages as a punishment to the learner (a commander tells and subject to inflict pain to a “learner”)

Question 22

What was the purpose of Milgram’s study?

Answer 22

To what degree would subjects refuse to deliver shock to another person

Question 23

What are the results of Milgram’s obedience test? (3)

Answer 23

1- 65% of test completed
2- Started a big debate about ethics
3- Most participants were happy to learn this scary thing about themselves

Question 24

What are the obedience variables? (PDAM)

Answer 24

• Power
• Distance between learner and teacher
• Assignment of responsibility
• Modeling/Imitation

Question 25

Describe the Aidan Ayer-Lloyd situation representing the Bystander Effect

Answer 25

He saw a boy fall into the subway tracks and he observed that no one was helping → “I couldn’t believe no one was helping him. I then noticed that even though I wanted to help, I wasn’t moving. Sometimes when you have a strong desire to do the right thing, the link between your heart and your mind gets disconnected.”

Question 26

Describe the Bystander Effect

Answer 26

People are less likely to provide needed help when they are in groups than when they are alone. The more witnesses are there, the less likely people will step forward to help.

Question 27

What accounts for the bystander effect?

Answer 27

Most likely in ambiguous situations; look to others to see if there is a problem.

Question 28

What is the Diffusion of Responsibility?

Answer 28

“Someone else will help”

Question 29

What are the 3 steps of Bystander Intervention?

Answer 29

Step 1- Does the person notice the event?
Step 2- Does the person think it’s an emergency?
Step 3- Does the person take personal responsibility?

Question 30

Life would be _____ if we did not display ______

Answer 30

chaotic; obedience

Question 31

Most people can be ______ into engaging in actions that ______ their _____ and ______

Answer 31

coerced; violate; morals; values