Personality – Freud Flashcards by Charlyne Luu

What is defined by an individual’s characteristic patterns of thoughts, emotions, and behaviours?

Personality

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Personality psychologists who address physiology, inheritance, and evolution, focus on:

Biology

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Personality psychologists who focus on the unconscious mind and internal conflict focus on:

Psychoanalytic

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Personality psychologists who focus on conscious experience, focus on growth, spirituality, and self fulfillment, focus on:

Humanistic

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Personality psychologists who observe how people differ from one another (personality traits), focus on:

Trait Approach

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Personality psychologists who focus on the science of learning, impact of rewards and punishment, focus on:

Behaviourist

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Personality psychologists who observe human thought and modern cognitive psychology, focus on:

Cognitive

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Personality psychologists who emphasize that we are different in different situations (situation and person interact), focus on:

Interactionist

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What are the 3 levels of awareness in consciousness?

1- Conscious (thoughts in the exact moment)
2- Preconscious
3- Unconscious

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What are the 3 components of personality?

1- Ego
2- Superego
3- ID

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What are the 5 psychosexual stages of development? (OAPLG)

1- Oral
2- Anal
3- Phallic
4- Latency
5- Genital

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What is the primary motivational source of the unconscious level?

“The seething cauldron”

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What does the unconscious mind think of?

repressed contents of the mind (unpleasant memories); sexual and aggressive instincts

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What personality structure operates according to the pleasure principle (primitive and unconscious part of personality; immediate gratification, impulsive, amoral, selfish)?

voice that convinces you to be selfish

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What personality structure holds your moral ideas and conscience (promotes guilt, shame, embarrassment, pride → self-conscious emotions)?

Superego

voice that tells you to do what is morally correct

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What personality structure operates according to the reality principle (mediates between ID and superego; logical, rational, acts in the real world)?

Ego

balance between ID and Superego

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Our lives are a constant _____ of ______ (desire/fear; love/hate)

negotiation; opposing impulses

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ID, Ego and Superego are constantly battling to control our behaviour, and this conflict leads to _______

anxiety

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How do we cope with the anxiety?

Defence Mechanisms

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8 types of defence mechanisms: (4RP2DS)

Repression
Rationalization
Regression
Reaction formation
Projection
Denial
Displacement
Sublimation

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Which defence mechanism consists of placing uncomfortable thoughts in relatively inaccessible areas of the subconscious mind?

Repression (ignoring emotions rather than understanding them)

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Which defence mechanism consists of convincing yourself that a dangerous/threatening event did not occur, was not your fault, or is not so bad (downplaying the trauma)?

Denial (pretending it didn’t happen)

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Which defence mechanism consists of redirecting threatening impulse/desire elsewhere?

Displacement (channelling emotions into something else)

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Which defence mechanism consists of generating acceptable, logical reasons for outcomes that otherwise would not be acceptable?

Rationalization (logically analyzing outcomes of actions; finding reasons, not excuses)

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Which defence mechanism consists of stifling an unacceptable impulse. the exact opposite of behaviours/desires displayed?

Reaction formation (doing the opposite of what you believe/desire)

Which defence mechanism consists of taking the position of a child in some problematic situation, rather than acting in a more adult way (wetting themselves, fetal positioning, teddy bears, etc)?

Regression (imitating childlike behaviour)

Which defence mechanism consists of projecting one's own unacceptable qualities onto others?

Projection (projecting your own flaws onto others → beating down others to uplift one's ego)

Which defence mechanism consists of converting unacceptable desire into an acceptable behaviour?

Sublimation (finding healthy outlets → replace bad desire with a good one) ***best coping mechanism

Which is projective technique is used to access the unconscious?

Rorschach test (inkblot test)

A common way of accessing the unconscious?

Therapy/talking

What type of analysis can reveal what the unconscious mind desires?

Dream analysis

Freud's psychosexual stages each mark an internal _____, and personality development requires resolving each ______

conflict

If conflicts aren't resolved during psychosexual stages, ______ occurs

fixation

Which stage happens from birth to age 1-1.5, where feeding is the main source of an infant's pleasure (too much or too little breastfeeding = sexual pleasure with the mouth in later years)?

Oral stage

What can be the undesirable traits developed because of oral stage conflicts?

- too much dependency on others - rejection of others/sarcasm - over or under eating

Which stage happens from age 1.5 to 2.5, where potty training is a focus (too lenient of too strict potty training = sexual pleasure with the elimination of bodily waste)?

Anal stage

What can be the undesirable traits developed because of anal stage conflicts?

- excessively stingy or overgenerous | - sticking rigidly to rules; excessively neat and clean

Which stage happens from age 2.5 to 5/6, where children experience the Oedipus or Electra conflict (desire to marry the opposite-sex parent, and being hostile towards same-sex parent; children begin to identify with the emotions of the same-sex parent; sexual pleasure → genitals)?

Phallic Stage

What can be the undesirable traits developed because of phallic stage conflicts?

- anxiety - extreme guilt - phobias - depression

Which stage happens from age 6 to adolescence, where conflicts from previous stages become hidden and no new conflicts arise; all children want is to learn and discover?

Latency stage

Which stage happens from adolescence to +adulthood, where the purpose of life becomes finding a mate (no new conflicts, but old ones resurface from previous stages → sexual pleasure becomes a mutual goal for satisfaction of both partners)?

Genital stage

What are the criticisms of Freud's personality theories?

- poor testability - inadequate evidence - "science fiction" VS "science" - sexism

Who developed the neo analytic theories? (3 psychologists)

1- Jung 2- Adler 3- Horney

What are the 3 parts of personalities according to Carl Jung? (EPC)

- Ego (rational, conscious, operates according to the reality principle) - Personal unconscious (thoughts and experiences accessible to the conscious + repressed memories and impulses) - Collective unconscious (universal experiences of humankind; archetypes)

An inherited tendency to perceive and respond in particular ways to universal human situations (like characters in theatre → "evil stepmother", brave hero, etc.) is the definition of?

Archetype

Adler believes in the _____ of the personality. Personality drives us to overcome feelings of _______, and due to that, "________" develops (how a person struggles to achieve superiority).

unity; inferiority; style of life

Horney developed ______ psychology and believed that many women's psychological _______ arise from _______ to live up to men's expectations of them. (women had to learn to overcome the irrational belief about the need for _______)

feminine; difficulties; failure; perfection

A stable and consistent personal characteristic used to describe or explain personality is the definition of?

Trait

An attempt to explain personality and differences among people in terms of personal characteristics is the definition of?

Trait theory

What are the 3 kinds of traits according to Allport?

1- cardinal 2- central 3- secondary

According to Allport, a sense of self, unifying the core of personality, is the definition of?

Proprium

Who used factor analysis and identified the 16 source traits (the basic elements of personality)?

Cattell

According to Eysenck, personality types consists of:

1- Basic dimensions that underlie traits | 2- Broad general categories

What are the two basic dimensions according to Eysenck?

1- Neuroticism | 2- Introversion-extroversion

What are Eysenck's 3 dimensions (NEP)?

- Neuroticism - Extroversion - Psychoticism

Whether your mood fluctuates, you feel "fed up" often, and/or if you're an irritable person defines:

Neuroticism

Whether you like mixing with people, how outgoing you are and/or if you're happy-go-lucky defines:

Extroversion

Whether you enjoy cooperation, attempt to not be rude to others and/or whether good manners and cleanliness matter to you defines:

Psychoticism

Five-factor theory (OCEAN):

- Openness to experience (degree of open-mindedness) - Conscientiousness (degree of dependability) - Extraversion (degree of sociability) - Agreeableness (degree of friendliness) - Neuroticism (degree of emotional instability)

Humanistic psychologists who speak of growth and potential define:

Humanists

Humanists believe that ______ are more than a sum of _______ parts, and each person is a ______ and _______ whole.

people; predictable; unique; individual

What is the Maslow hierarchy of needs from bottom to top? (PSLES)

- Physiological - Safety - Love/belonging - Esteem - Self-actualization

The need to satisfy hunger and thirst defines?

Physiological needs

The need to feel that the world is organized and predictable; the need to feel safe, secure, and stable defines?

Safety needs

The need to love and be loved, to belong and be excepted; the need to avoid loneliness and alienation defines?

Love/belonging needs

The need for self-esteem, achievement, competence, and independence; the need for recognition and respect from others defines?

Esteem needs

The need to live up to one's fullest and unique potential defines?

Self-actualization needs

The theory of need for positive regard (acceptance, sympathy, love from others → essential for healthy development) comes from?

Rogers

Communicating that the child is inherently worthy of love defines?

Unconditional positive regard

Depending on how the child behaves; love and acceptance only given one child behaves as a parent wants defines?

Conditional positive regard