Learning Flashcards
Relatively permanent change in behaviour due to experience is the definition of ___________
Learning
Procedures or experiences that create associations between environmental stimuli ans responses is the definition of ____________
Conditioning
________________ is “learning by association”
Classical conditioning
Classical conditioning was invented by:
Ivan Pavlov
Example of classical conditioning with the bell and the dog:
- Neutral Stimulus (NS) = bell
- Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) = food
- Unconditioned Response (UCR) = salivation
- Conditioned Stimulus (CS) = bell
- Conditioned Response (CR) = salivation
What is a stimulus that will always and naturally elicit a response?
Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
What is a response that always and naturally occurs after UCS?
Unconditioned response (UCR)
What is a stimulus that doesn’t naturally elicit a response associated with the UCR?
Neutral stimulus (NS)
What is a stimulus that will, after association to UCS, cause a conditioned response (CR)?
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
What is a response that occurs when CS is present?
Conditioned response (CR)
4 classical conditioning response?
1- Extinction
2- Spontaneous recovery
3- Stimulus discrimination
4- Stimulus generalization
What principle is the weakening and disappearance of a learned response (over time, no more CR even when CS is present)?
Extinction
What principle is the occasional occurrence, after extinction, of CR when CS appears?
Spontaneous recovery
What principle is one specific CS only that can trigger CR?
Stimulus discrimination
What principle is when a similar stimulus to the original CS can trigger the CR? Which is the best example/experiment tied to this conditioning principle?
- Stimulus generalization
* little Albert and the white rabbit
Define taste aversion:
Associating a flavour (CS) to a bad experience (UCS), which later leads to a bad feeling (UCR)
4 factors that influence classical conditioning:
1- Number of pairings of CS and UCS
2- Intensity of UCS
3- Reliability of CS to predict UCS
4- Temporal relationship between CS and UCS
Responses are conditioned more effectively when __________ is immediate (the longer the __________, the lower the response will be acquired)
Reinforcement
What form of conditioning is simply learning from the consequences of your behaviour>
Operant conditioning
Operant conditioning relies on ______ & ______
Reinforcement & punishment
Who invented operant conditioning?
B. F. Skinner
What are the consequences given after a behaviour for (operant conditioning)?
To increase or decrease the likelihood of making that response again.
Skinner box example:
A rat clicks a button for food, but when it doesn’t, it gets shocked
What type of reinforcer satisfies the biological needs (food, water, sleep, sex)?
Primary
What type of reinforcer is a conditioned reinforcer; a previously neutral stimulus becomes reinforcing through association with another reinforcer (money, power)?
Secondary
Positive reinforcement?
Giving a physical reward (such as chocolate, money, etc)
Positive punishment?
Giving a punishment (such as electrical shock, hitting, etc)
Negative reinforcement?
Taking away a burden to make one’s life easier (excusing chores, etc)
Negative punishment?
Taking away privileges (no TV, etc)
Which reinforcement occurs when each correct response is reinforced?
Continuous reinforcement
Which reinforcement occurs when correct responses are reinforced randomly or intermittently?
Partial reinforcement
Which schedule defines reinforcement occurring after a certain amount of time has passed?
Interval schedules (rewarded through time) → consistent
Define FIXED interval:
Reinforcement is given after a fixed amount of time
Define VARIABLE interval:
Reinforcement is given after a variable amount of time
Which schedule defines reinforcement occurring after a certain number of responses?
Ratio schedules (rewarded through responses) → not consistent
Define FIXED ratio?
Reinforcement is given after a fixed number of correct responses
Define VARIABLE ratio?
Reinforcement is given after a varying number of correct responses
_______ is anything that follows a response, that DECREASES the probability that the response will occur again.
Punishment
Limited effect of punishment #1 (which reinforcement is preferred)
Positive reinforcement should always be used first
Limited effect of punishment #2 (does punishment work)
Punishment does not teach appropriate behaviour
Limited effect of punishment #3 (punishment reinforces who)
Punishment is often reinforcing to a punisher (can create an abuser)
Limited effect of punishment #4 (when should the punishment be given)
Must be delivered immediately & consistently
Limited effect of punishment #5 (punishment is generalized as ____)
Punishment often has a generalized inhibiting effect on the punished individual (stop behaving at ALL)
Limited effect of punishment #6 (how is behaviour learned)
Undesirable behaviours may be learned through modeling (agression)
Limited effect of punishment #7 (after-effects of punishment)
May create negative emotions (anxiety and fear)
Limited effect of punishment #8 (feelings toward the punisher)
Learning to dislike the punisher (a result of classical conditioning)
Watching others and learning is _________
Social-learning theory
