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Learning Flashcards

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1
Q

Relatively permanent change in behaviour due to experience is the definition of ___________

A

Learning

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2
Q

Procedures or experiences that create associations between environmental stimuli ans responses is the definition of ____________

A

Conditioning

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3
Q

________________ is “learning by association”

A

Classical conditioning

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4
Q

Classical conditioning was invented by:

A

Ivan Pavlov

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5
Q

Example of classical conditioning with the bell and the dog:

A
  • Neutral Stimulus (NS) = bell
  • Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) = food
  • Unconditioned Response (UCR) = salivation
  • Conditioned Stimulus (CS) = bell
  • Conditioned Response (CR) = salivation
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6
Q

What is a stimulus that will always and naturally elicit a response?

A

Unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

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7
Q

What is a response that always and naturally occurs after UCS?

A

Unconditioned response (UCR)

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8
Q

What is a stimulus that doesn’t naturally elicit a response associated with the UCR?

A

Neutral stimulus (NS)

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9
Q

What is a stimulus that will, after association to UCS, cause a conditioned response (CR)?

A

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

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10
Q

What is a response that occurs when CS is present?

A

Conditioned response (CR)

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11
Q

4 classical conditioning response?

A

1- Extinction
2- Spontaneous recovery
3- Stimulus discrimination
4- Stimulus generalization

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12
Q

What principle is the weakening and disappearance of a learned response (over time, no more CR even when CS is present)?

A

Extinction

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13
Q

What principle is the occasional occurrence, after extinction, of CR when CS appears?

A

Spontaneous recovery

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14
Q

What principle is one specific CS only that can trigger CR?

A

Stimulus discrimination

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15
Q

What principle is when a similar stimulus to the original CS can trigger the CR? Which is the best example/experiment tied to this conditioning principle?

A
  • Stimulus generalization

* little Albert and the white rabbit

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16
Q

Define taste aversion:

A

Associating a flavour (CS) to a bad experience (UCS), which later leads to a bad feeling (UCR)

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17
Q

4 factors that influence classical conditioning:

A

1- Number of pairings of CS and UCS
2- Intensity of UCS
3- Reliability of CS to predict UCS
4- Temporal relationship between CS and UCS

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18
Q

Responses are conditioned more effectively when __________ is immediate (the longer the __________, the lower the response will be acquired)

A

Reinforcement

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19
Q

What form of conditioning is simply learning from the consequences of your behaviour>

A

Operant conditioning

20
Q

Operant conditioning relies on ______ & ______

A

Reinforcement & punishment

21
Q

Who invented operant conditioning?

A

B. F. Skinner

22
Q

What are the consequences given after a behaviour for (operant conditioning)?

A

To increase or decrease the likelihood of making that response again.

23
Q

Skinner box example:

A

A rat clicks a button for food, but when it doesn’t, it gets shocked

24
Q

What type of reinforcer satisfies the biological needs (food, water, sleep, sex)?

A

Primary

25
Q

What type of reinforcer is a conditioned reinforcer; a previously neutral stimulus becomes reinforcing through association with another reinforcer (money, power)?

A

Secondary

26
Q

Positive reinforcement?

A

Giving a physical reward (such as chocolate, money, etc)

27
Q

Positive punishment?

A

Giving a punishment (such as electrical shock, hitting, etc)

28
Q

Negative reinforcement?

A

Taking away a burden to make one’s life easier (excusing chores, etc)

29
Q

Negative punishment?

A

Taking away privileges (no TV, etc)

30
Q

Which reinforcement occurs when each correct response is reinforced?

A

Continuous reinforcement

31
Q

Which reinforcement occurs when correct responses are reinforced randomly or intermittently?

A

Partial reinforcement

32
Q

Which schedule defines reinforcement occurring after a certain amount of time has passed?

A

Interval schedules (rewarded through time) → consistent

33
Q

Define FIXED interval:

A

Reinforcement is given after a fixed amount of time

34
Q

Define VARIABLE interval:

A

Reinforcement is given after a variable amount of time

35
Q

Which schedule defines reinforcement occurring after a certain number of responses?

A

Ratio schedules (rewarded through responses) → not consistent

36
Q

Define FIXED ratio?

A

Reinforcement is given after a fixed number of correct responses

37
Q

Define VARIABLE ratio?

A

Reinforcement is given after a varying number of correct responses

38
Q

_______ is anything that follows a response, that DECREASES the probability that the response will occur again.

A

Punishment

39
Q

Limited effect of punishment #1 (which reinforcement is preferred)

A

Positive reinforcement should always be used first

40
Q

Limited effect of punishment #2 (does punishment work)

A

Punishment does not teach appropriate behaviour

41
Q

Limited effect of punishment #3 (punishment reinforces who)

A

Punishment is often reinforcing to a punisher (can create an abuser)

42
Q

Limited effect of punishment #4 (when should the punishment be given)

A

Must be delivered immediately & consistently

43
Q

Limited effect of punishment #5 (punishment is generalized as ____)

A

Punishment often has a generalized inhibiting effect on the punished individual (stop behaving at ALL)

44
Q

Limited effect of punishment #6 (how is behaviour learned)

A

Undesirable behaviours may be learned through modeling (agression)

45
Q

Limited effect of punishment #7 (after-effects of punishment)

A

May create negative emotions (anxiety and fear)

46
Q

Limited effect of punishment #8 (feelings toward the punisher)

A

Learning to dislike the punisher (a result of classical conditioning)

47
Q

Watching others and learning is _________

A

Social-learning theory

Psychology (11 decks)

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