Memory Flashcards
What is the outcome of learning; bringing stored info into mind/being?
Memory
Memory is not a _____ process
Unitary
What are the 3 memory systems from the Atkinson-Shiffrin Model?
1- Sensory memory
2- Short-term memory
3- Long-term memory
Visual sensory memory lasts only _____ and is also known as ______
a fraction of a second; iconic memory
Auditory sensory memory lasts ______ and is also known as ______
about 2 seconds; echoic memory
Short term memory has the capacity of __ to __ bits of information
5 - 9
When memory is full, _____ occurs (briefly define)
displacement → new one comes in, so old one goes out
Bits of info can be made larger by _______ (briefly define)
chunking → grouping info
Short-term memory lasts less than ___
30 seconds
Kept in short-term memory is by ______
Rehearsal
2 types of serial position effect
Primary and Recency effect
Which serial position effect occurs when info at the beginning of a sequence is easily recalled because it is already in long-term memory?
Primary effect
Which serial position effect occurs when the information at the end of a sequence is easily recalled because it is still in short-term memory?
Recency effect
Long-term memory has _______ capacity and is relatively ________
Unlimited; permanent
Information gets into LTM by _______
Rehearsal
2 subsystems of LTM:
1- Declarative memory (explicit)
2- Non-declarative memory (implicit)
Sensory uptake (related to sensory memory)
Acquisition
Processing of information to be stored (related to STM)
Encoding
Creates a stronger representation over time (related to LTM)
Consolidation
Result of acquisition and consolidation; keeping/maintaining information in memory
Storage
Use stored info to create a conscious representation; information stored in memory is brought to mind; recognition or recall
Retrieval
2 subsystems of explicit memory:
1- Episodic memory (tied to episodes of life/moments)
2- Semantic memory (knowledge)
2 subsystems of implicit memory:
1- Priming (learning without awareness)
2- Procedural memory (motor skills, habits, without awareness)
What type of LTM subsystem is where info can be brought to mind verbally or stored in the form of images?
Declarative memory (explicit)
Implicit memory =
Non-declarative memory
Which 2 regions are involved in working memory (representing, maintaining and manipulating info that is not immediately present in the environment)?
Prefrontal and parietal regions
Retention depends on ________
how deeply information is processed
Forming relationships, making associations, or attaching meaning =
Deep processing
Producing information from memory without retrieval cues:
Recall
Producing memory with retrieval cues:
Recognition
Measuring learning by using the time it takes to relearn forgotten facts:
Relearning
Which analogy explains memory as a permanent record?
Video recorder analogy
Memory as a reconstruction: partly ____ and partly _____
Fact; fiction
We reconstruct memories; place together highlights with info that may or may not be _______
accurate
Eyewitness testimonies are often subject to _____
error (false memory)
A memory of a shocking event:
Flashbulb memory
Information is easier to recall when a person is in the same environmental context they were in when they learned it:
Context-dependant memory
Information is easier to recall when a person is in the same state they were in when they learned it:
State dependent memory
HM are:
Life-threatening seizures in temporal lobe
In 1953, when Dr. Scoville remove parts of HMs medial temporal lobe on both sides of his brain, what were the after affects of the affective surgery?
Couldnt form new explicit memories (no more LTM)
Which part of the brain is for critical consolidation of information in LTM?
Hippocampus
What do you call damage to the hippocampus?
Anterograde amnesia
What is the strengthening of the neural pathways which increases in efficiency?
Long term potentiation
Strong memories fuelled by ________
Emotion
________ enable humans to survive, imprint in memories of threatening circumstances
Hormones
Excess _______ interferes with memory if adrenal gland disease
Stress hormone cortisol
__________ improves working memory
Estrogen
6 causes of forgetting:
1- Encoding failure 2- Decay theory 3- Interference theories 4- Consolidation failure 5- Motivated forgetting 6- Retrieval failure
2 types of interference:
1- retroactive (other info can interfere with remembering original info)
2- proactive (original info can interfere with remembering other info)
5 techniques to improve memory:
1- Organization 2- Mnemonic devices 3- Overlearning 4- Massed practice vs Spaced practice 5- Active learning vs Passive learning
3 mnemonic devices:
1- Rhyme
2- First letter technique
3- Method of Loci
