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Psychology > Memory > Flashcards

Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the outcome of learning; bringing stored info into mind/being?

A

Memory

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2
Q

Memory is not a _____ process

A

Unitary

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3
Q

What are the 3 memory systems from the Atkinson-Shiffrin Model?

A

1- Sensory memory
2- Short-term memory
3- Long-term memory

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4
Q

Visual sensory memory lasts only _____ and is also known as ______

A

a fraction of a second; iconic memory

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5
Q

Auditory sensory memory lasts ______ and is also known as ______

A

about 2 seconds; echoic memory

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6
Q

Short term memory has the capacity of __ to __ bits of information

A

5 - 9

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7
Q

When memory is full, _____ occurs (briefly define)

A

displacement → new one comes in, so old one goes out

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8
Q

Bits of info can be made larger by _______ (briefly define)

A

chunking → grouping info

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9
Q

Short-term memory lasts less than ___

A

30 seconds

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10
Q

Kept in short-term memory is by ______

A

Rehearsal

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11
Q

2 types of serial position effect

A

Primary and Recency effect

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12
Q

Which serial position effect occurs when info at the beginning of a sequence is easily recalled because it is already in long-term memory?

A

Primary effect

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13
Q

Which serial position effect occurs when the information at the end of a sequence is easily recalled because it is still in short-term memory?

A

Recency effect

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14
Q

Long-term memory has _______ capacity and is relatively ________

A

Unlimited; permanent

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15
Q

Information gets into LTM by _______

A

Rehearsal

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16
Q

2 subsystems of LTM:

A

1- Declarative memory (explicit)

2- Non-declarative memory (implicit)

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17
Q

Sensory uptake (related to sensory memory)

A

Acquisition

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18
Q

Processing of information to be stored (related to STM)

A

Encoding

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19
Q

Creates a stronger representation over time (related to LTM)

A

Consolidation

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20
Q

Result of acquisition and consolidation; keeping/maintaining information in memory

A

Storage

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21
Q

Use stored info to create a conscious representation; information stored in memory is brought to mind; recognition or recall

A

Retrieval

22
Q

2 subsystems of explicit memory:

A

1- Episodic memory (tied to episodes of life/moments)

2- Semantic memory (knowledge)

23
Q

2 subsystems of implicit memory:

A

1- Priming (learning without awareness)

2- Procedural memory (motor skills, habits, without awareness)

24
Q

What type of LTM subsystem is where info can be brought to mind verbally or stored in the form of images?

A

Declarative memory (explicit)

25
Q

Implicit memory =

A

Non-declarative memory

26
Q

Which 2 regions are involved in working memory (representing, maintaining and manipulating info that is not immediately present in the environment)?

A

Prefrontal and parietal regions

27
Q

Retention depends on ________

A

how deeply information is processed

28
Q

Forming relationships, making associations, or attaching meaning =

A

Deep processing

29
Q

Producing information from memory without retrieval cues:

A

Recall

30
Q

Producing memory with retrieval cues:

A

Recognition

31
Q

Measuring learning by using the time it takes to relearn forgotten facts:

A

Relearning

32
Q

Which analogy explains memory as a permanent record?

A

Video recorder analogy

33
Q

Memory as a reconstruction: partly ____ and partly _____

A

Fact; fiction

34
Q

We reconstruct memories; place together highlights with info that may or may not be _______

A

accurate

35
Q

Eyewitness testimonies are often subject to _____

A

error (false memory)

36
Q

A memory of a shocking event:

A

Flashbulb memory

37
Q

Information is easier to recall when a person is in the same environmental context they were in when they learned it:

A

Context-dependant memory

38
Q

Information is easier to recall when a person is in the same state they were in when they learned it:

A

State dependent memory

39
Q

HM are:

A

Life-threatening seizures in temporal lobe

40
Q

In 1953, when Dr. Scoville remove parts of HMs medial temporal lobe on both sides of his brain, what were the after affects of the affective surgery?

A

Couldnt form new explicit memories (no more LTM)

41
Q

Which part of the brain is for critical consolidation of information in LTM?

A

Hippocampus

42
Q

What do you call damage to the hippocampus?

A

Anterograde amnesia

43
Q

What is the strengthening of the neural pathways which increases in efficiency?

A

Long term potentiation

44
Q

Strong memories fuelled by ________

A

Emotion

45
Q

________ enable humans to survive, imprint in memories of threatening circumstances

A

Hormones

46
Q

Excess _______ interferes with memory if adrenal gland disease

A

Stress hormone cortisol

47
Q

__________ improves working memory

A

Estrogen

48
Q

6 causes of forgetting:

A 
1- Encoding failure
2- Decay theory
3- Interference theories
4- Consolidation failure
5- Motivated forgetting
6- Retrieval failure
49
Q

2 types of interference:

A

1- retroactive (other info can interfere with remembering original info)
2- proactive (original info can interfere with remembering other info)

50
Q

5 techniques to improve memory:

A 
1- Organization
2- Mnemonic devices
3- Overlearning
4- Massed practice vs Spaced practice
5- Active learning vs Passive learning
51
Q

3 mnemonic devices:

A

1- Rhyme
2- First letter technique
3- Method of Loci

Psychology (11 decks)

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